Mammalogy Test 1, Eutherians

Front 1

6 orders of Afrotheria

Back 1

-Proboscidea
-Sirenia
-Hyracoidea
-Macroscelidea
-Tubulindentata
-Afrosoricida

Front 2

Proboscidea

Back 2

F: elephantidae
G: Elephas (Asiatic)
G: Loxodonta (African)
-6 cheek teeth, 2-3 exposed at a time
-back to front tooth replacement

Front 3

Sirenia

Back 3

F: Trichechidae
G: Trichechus
-warm oceans/freshwater
-back to front tooth replacement
-sister group to elephants

Front 4

Hyracoidea

Back 4

-F: Procaviidae
-G: Procavia
-unique friction pads - climb on steep rocks
-hyraxes

Front 5

Macroscelidea

Back 5

-elephant shrews
F: Macroscelididae
G: Macroscelides
-small and cursorial

Front 6

Tubulindentata

Back 6

-aardvark
F: Orycteropidae
G: Orycteropus
-myrmecophagous

Front 7

Afrosoricida

Back 7

-F: Tenrecidae (tenrex)
-F: Chrysochloridae (golden moles)

Front 8

Xenarthra

Back 8

-South American
-Edentates - teeth reduced or absent
-xenarthrous processes
-strong, robust spines
F: Myrmecophagidae
F: Bradypodidae

Front 9

Myrmecophagidae

Back 9

-anteaters
-G: Myrmecophaga
-G: Tamandua
-hyoid apparatus - skeletal support for tongue
-teeth absent
-myrmecophagous adaptations

Front 10

Bradypodidae

Back 10

G: Bradypus (three-toed sloth)
-arborial foliavore
-low BMR
-heterothermic, eat constantly
-dense fur

Front 11

Boreoutheria

Back 11

-all eutherians except Afrotheria and Xenarthra

Front 12

Orders in Euarchontoglires

Back 12

-Rodentia
-Lagomorpha
-Primates
-Dermoptera
-Scandentia

Front 13

Orders in Laurasiatheria

Back 13

-Cetartiodactyla
-Perissodactyla
-Pholidota
-Carnivora
-Chiroptera
-Insectivora

Front 14

Rodentia

Back 14

-most diverse group
-chisel-like, ever growing incisors
-enamel restricted to anterior surface, dentine posterior (self-sharpening)
-SO: Hystricognathi and Scuirognathi

Front 15

SO Hystricognathi (families)

Back 15

-jaw like a porcupine
F: Erethizontidae
F: Hydrochaeridae
F: Bathyergidae

Front 16

Erethizontidae

Back 16

-new world porcupines
G: Coendu
G: Erethizon-native to N. America

Front 17

Hydrochaeridae

Back 17

G: Hydrochaeris (capybara)
-largest living rodent - up to 75 kg

Front 18

Bathyergidae

Back 18

-mole rats
-fossorial
-increasingly complex social behavior
G: Heterocephalus (naked mole rat)
--eusocial (castes)

Front 19

SO Sciurognathi (families)

Back 19

-jaw like a squirrel
-Sciuridae
-Heteromyidae
-Geomyidae
-Muridae

Front 20

Sciuridae

Back 20

-squirrels
-everywhere except Australia
-Spermophilus beldingi

Front 21

Heteromyidae

Back 21

-pocket mice and kangaroo rats
-increasingly saltatorial locomotion
-increasing desert adaptations
-G: Microdipodops (kangaroo mice)
--most saltatorial and desert-adapted

Front 22

Geomyidae

Back 22

-pocket gophers
-external fur-lined cheek pouches
-extremely fossorial
-G: Thomomys
--fusiform body
--fossorial adaptations
--procumberent incisors (stick through lips)

Front 23

Muridae

Back 23

-mice and rats
-Subfamilies: Sigmadontinae and Arvicolinae

Front 24

Sigmadontinae

Back 24

-new world rats and mice
-G: Reithrodontonys

Front 25

Arvicolinae

Back 25

-voles and lemmings
-G: Microtus longicaudus
--semi-fossorial
--regular population cycles

Front 26

Lagomorpha

Back 26

-rabbits
-second pair of incisors behind first pair
-sister group to rodents
F: Leporidae - rabbits and hares
--Lepus townsenii (white-tailed jackrabbit)
--adapted for cursorial locomotion
-extremely fenestrated rostrum

Front 27

Primates

Back 27

-evolved from arboreal ancestors
-2 suborders: Strepsirhini and Hablorhini

Front 28

Strepsirhini

Back 28

-lemurs
F: Lemuridae (Madagascar)
--Lemuri cata

Front 29

Hablorhini

Back 29

-anthropoid primates
F: Callithricidae (tamarins and marmosets)
--entirely neotropical
--Neonopithicus brasilia (golden tamarin)
F: Hominidae (great apes)
--all except humans used to be in family Pongidae

Front 30

Dermoptera

Back 30

-F: Cynocephalidae (colugos)
-G: Cynocephalus
--gliding membrane from wrists to ankles
--comb-like upper incisor for grooming

Front 31

Scandentia

Back 31

-tree shrews
F: Tupaidae
G: Tupaia

Front 32

Insectivora

Back 32

-F: Soricidae (shrews)
--Sorex vagrans (wandering shrew)
--G: Blarina (short-tailed shrews)
---venomous saliva

Front 33

Chiroptera

Back 33

-bats "hand wing"
-powered flight - flight membrane betweeen digits
Two suborders: Megachiroptera and microchiroptera

Front 34

Megachiroptera

Back 34

-flying foxes, fruit bats
F: Pteropodidae
G: Rosettus
-large eyes, crepuscular
-do not echolocate (excetp Rosettus)

Front 35

Microchiroptera

Back 35

-echolocating forms
-nocturnal
F: Phyllostomidae (new world leaf-nosed bats)
F: Vespertilionidae

Front 36

Phyllostomidae

Back 36

-new world leaf-nosed bats
-great diversity in feeding behavior
-extreme flexibility in renal physiology
-Artibeus jamaicensis - fruitivorous
-Desmodus - sanguinivorous
--blade-like incisor
--saliva contains anticoagulant and anesthetic

Front 37

Vespertilionidae

Back 37

-insectivorous
-Euderma (spotted bat)

Front 38

Carnivora

Back 38

-majority meat-eaters
-carnassial teeth (adapted for shearing meat)
--4th upper premolar, 1st lower molar
-includes seals, sea lions, walruses
F: Phocidae (true seals)
G: Mirounga (elephant seals)
F: Procyonidae (raccoons)
G: Bassariscus (ringtail)

Front 39

Pholidota

Back 39

-scaly anteaters = Pangolins
F: Manidae
G: Manis
-myrmecophagous
-ligaments that attach tongue to pelvis
-sphincter muscle in ear
-presence of scales composed of agglutinized hair

Front 40

Cetartiodactyla

Back 40

terrestrial forms and aquatic forms
-cetacea and artiodactyla

Front 41

terrestrial cetartiodactylans

Back 41

-third/fourth digits greatly lengthened
-lateral digits reduced
-metapodials fused into canon bone
-ungula modified into hoof (homolog for fingernail)
-herbivorous, some omnivorous
-multi-chambered stomach = ruminants

Front 42

terrestrial families of certartiodactyla

Back 42

F: Suidae (hogs)
-omnivorous
-lack multi-chambered stomach
G: Sus (domestic hog)
F: Giraffidae
G: Giraffa
--horns on parietal bone, never erupt
G: Phacochaeris (warthog)
--tusks - modified upper incisors

Front 43

marine forms of cetardiodactyla

Back 43

-sister group to hippopotamids
-fusiform body shape
-front limb modified into flipper
-hind limb lost - vestigial pelvic girdle
-nares rotated to top of head
-2 groups: mysticete and odontocete

Front 44

Mysticete whales

Back 44

-baleen whales
-baleen = keratinized sheets
F: Balaenopteridae
G: Megaptera (humpback whale)
G: Balaenoptera (blue whale)

Front 45

Odontocete whales

Back 45

-toothed whales
-F: Delphinidae (dolphins and porpoises)
-Orcinus orca (killer whale)

Front 46

Perissodactylae

Back 46

-odd-toed ungulates
-3rd digit expanded into single hoof
-sometiems 4th and 5th digits still present
-1st and 5th digit extremely reduced or lost
-herbivorous - large diastema

Front 47

Perissodactylae families

Back 47

-Rhinoceratidae
-G: Ceratotherium (white rhino)
--keratinized horn on tip of snout
F: Equidae
G: Equus
-Equus greveyi (Grevey's zebra)