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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The process by which the body uses food for energy, growth, and maintenance and repair
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Nutrition
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5 essential components of basic food groups
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Carbohydrates
Protein Vitamins Minerals Fat |
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What are carbohydrates?
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Body's primary source of energy
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2 types of carbohydrates
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Simple
Complex |
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2 types of simple carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides
Disaccharides |
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Define monosaccharides
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Glucose & fructose
Found in: Fruit Honey |
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Define disaccharides
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Sucrose, maltose & lactose
Found in: Sugar Cereal Milk |
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Define complex carbohydrates
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Polysaccharides
Found in: Starches Potatoes |
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What percentage of daily calories are supplied by carbs?
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47%
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What are proteins?
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-Essential for growth, repair, maintenance, and regulatory function
-Complex nitrogenous organic compounds comprised of amino acids |
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What sources are proteins found in?
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Animals
Plants |
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What is the percentage of daily caloric intake of protein?
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20%
1g yields 4 calories |
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How many amino acids are proteins comprised of?
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22 amino acids
-9 essential -13 nonessential |
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Define essential amino acids
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Body cannot synthesize sources, called complete proteins
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Define nonessential amino acids
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Body can synthesize sources if eaten in diet, called incomplete proteins
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What are vitamins?
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Organic compounds required for metabolism
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What are 2 types of vitamins?
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Water-soluble
Fat-soluble |
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What are 2 types of water-soluble vitamins?
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C & B complex
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What are 4 types of fat-soluble vitamins?
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A, D, E & K
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What is steatorrhea?
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Fatty stools that result from decreased fat soluble vitamins
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What is the proper term for B12?
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Cobalamin
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Where does cobalamin come from?
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Animal sources
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What is the function of minerals?
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Builds tissue, regulate fluids, assist in body functions
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What are 3 major minerals?
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Na, Phos & Ca
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What are 3 mineral salts?
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Fe, Ca & Mg
-Makes up 4% of total body wt |
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What are trace elements?
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Minerals in minute amounts
-Copper & Selenium |
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What is the function of fat?
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Used for energy, insulation, padding for organs, carriers of vitamins (Also adds flavor to food)
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What percentage of daily caloric intake is made up of fat?
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Should be 20%
1g yields 9 calories |
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What is a vegetarian?
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Commonality exclusion of read meat
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2 types of vegetarians
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Vegan & Lacto-ovo
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Define vegan
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-Eats only plant food
-Subject to megaloblastic enemia & B12 deficiency |
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What are manifestations of B12 deficiency?
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Peripheral neuropathy
Pallor Dizziness *No sensation in LEs |
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Define lacto-ovo
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Eats some dairy & eggs
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What is the major problem w/ vegan vegetarianism?
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Not enough protein intake
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What can lack of protein lead to?
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Anemia
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Define malnutrition
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Excess (defecit) or imbalance of essential components
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2 types of malnutrition
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Undernutrition
Overnutrition |
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Define undernutrition
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State of poor nourishment
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Define overnutrition
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More than the body needs
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Define Rickets
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Bone disorder (inadequate D)
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Define Scurvy
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Weak, anemia, oral ulcers (lack of C)
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Define PCM
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Protein calorie malnutrition
*Most common type of malnutrition |
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What is primary malnutrition?
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Poor habits
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What is secondary malnutrition?
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Alteration/defecit in metabolism
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What is Kwashiorkor?
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-Deficiency of protein intake superimposed by catabolic stress event
-May appear well nourished but have low protein levels |
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What are some causes of Kwashiorkor?
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GI obstruction
Surgery Cancer Malabsorption syndrome Infectious disease |
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What is Marasmus?
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-Deficit of both protein & calorie
-General loss of fat & muscle -Appear wasted & may have normal serum protein levels |
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Describe the stages of starvation
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-Carbs use to meet metabolic needs & depleted in 18 hours
-Protein is converted to glucose for energy -Fat is mobilized in 5-9 days & lasts 4-6 weeks -Body then uses proteins in internal organs (albumin is low @ this stage) |
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What is the result of decreased albumin?
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Edema
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Where do we observe for edema?
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In the face & legs
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What happens to the skin as total blood volume is reduced?
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The skin becomes dry & wrinkled
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What are some causes of malnutrition?
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Socioeconomic status
Cultural influences Psychologic disorders Medical conditions Medical treatments Famine/war |
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What is malabsorption syndrome?
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Impaired absorption of nutrients from the GI tract
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What are some causes of malabsorption syndrome?
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Decreased enzymes
Drug side effects Decreased bowel surface area |
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Incomplete diets are usually found in what type of person?
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Alcoholics
Drug abusers Fad diet followers Poorly planned vegetarian diet |
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What are alcoholics & drug abusers lacking?
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B12, Thiamin
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Obvious clinical signs of inadequate protein/calorie intake are apparent where?
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Skin
Eyes Mouth Muscles CNS |
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What are some clinical manifestations of malnutrition?
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Muscles wasted & flabby
Delayed wound healing More susceptible to infection Anemia (fatigue, low iron) |
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What initial diagnostic study is needed to measure nutrition?
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H&P exam
-Food history for past week -Ht -Wt -VS -Physical exam |
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What labs should be drawb to assess nutrition?
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-Serum albumin (chronic not acute)
-Prealbumin (better) -Serum transferin (best) -Electrolytes (K+ L) -CBC (complete blood count) -Liver enzymes |
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What is transferrin?
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Largest protein that binds to iron
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What are anthropometric measurements?
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Measurement of:
-Skinfold thickness (various sites of SQ fat) -Midarm circumference (protein loss) *Compare w/ standard for healthy persons |
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What are 2 most common eating disorders?
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Anorexia
Bulimia |
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What is anorexia?
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Self-imposed wt loss
Endocrine dysfunction Distorted attitude *Usually psych related |
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What are some clinical manifestations of anorexia?
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-Abnormal wt loss
-Depleted volume=decreased CO -Electrolyte imbalances |
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What are some nrsg Dx r/t malnutrition?
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-Fluid volume deficit
-Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements -Risk for impaired skin integrity -Impaired tissue perfusion -Ineffective tissue perfusion (cardiac) |
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What are some nrsg interventions r/t malnutrition?
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-Assess nutritional status
-Assess for signs of infection -Offer foods familiar to the pt -Offer small, frequent meals -Provide nutritional supplements between meals (Ensure) -Provide adequate oral hygiene |
