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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gamete |
sex cell produced by both parents |
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Zygote |
fertilized egg; has combo of both parents' genes |
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Which Gamete has motility? |
Sperm |
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Which gamete contains nutrients for developing embryo? |
Egg |
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List primary and secondary sex organs: |
Primary: *produce gametes testes/ovaries
Secondary: *other organs necessary for reproduction Male- system of ducts, glands; penis delivers sperm cells Female- uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina receive sperm and harbor fetus |
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Which chromosomes are male? Which are female? |
Male: XY
Female: XX |
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Develop into male reproductive system; paramesonpheric ducts degenerate |
mesonephric ducts |
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Develop into female reproductive tract, mesonephric ducts degenerate |
Paramesonephric ducts |
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Development of external genetalia |
Genital Tubercle- becomes the head of the penis or clitoris Urogenital Folds- enclose urethra of male forming penis or labia minora Labioscrotal Folds- become scrotum or labia majora *by week 12, either male or female genitalia distinctly formed *male and female structures that develop from the same embryonic structure are homologous (penis/clit, scrotum/labia) |
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Descent of the gonads |
*in m&f, gonads develop near kidneys and migrate into pelvic floor or scrotum Gubernaculum- a connective tissue cord extends from gonads to pelvic floor Vaginal Process- fold of peritoneum that extends into the scrotum Inguinal Canal- pathway of low resistance through the groin created by gubernaculum and vaginal processes *most common hernia in men-inguinal hernia |
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Descent of the gonads |
*Descent begins as early as 6 weeks Chryptorchidism- boys born with undescended testes
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External Genitalia |
scrotum and penis occupy the perineum |
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The scrotum |
scrotum- pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue containing the testes Left Testicle- Usually descends lower than the right so the two are not compressed against each other Skin- sebaceous glands, sparse hair, rich sensory innervation, somewhat darker pigment Internal median septum- divides scrotum into R and L compartments Perineal raphe- medial seam located on the scrotum extending anteriorly along ventral side of penis and posteriorly to anus |
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The Scrotum |
Spermatic cord- bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the ductus deferens, blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve *has internal and external inguinal ring
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Mechanisms of temperature regulation in the scrotum |
Cremaster muscle- strips of the internal abdominal oblique muscle enmesh spermatic cord, pull testes close to the body when cold Dartos muscle- subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle contract when cold, holding testes against warm body Pampiniform plexus- an extensive network of veins from the testes that surrounds the testicular artery and spermatic cord *is a countercurrent heat exchanger- without the pampiniform plexus, warm arterial blood would heat the testis and inhibit sperm production |
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The Testes
-combined endocrine and exocrine glands that produce sex hormones and sperm |
Tunica Albuginea- covers testes anteriorly and laterally, white fibrous capsule on testes *connective tissue septa divides testes into 250 to 300 wedge shaped lobules Seminiferous Tubules- sperm generation *interstitial cells between tubules produce testosterone *sustentacular cells in between germ cells protect the germ cells (which later become sperm) germ cells depend on them for nutrients, waste removal, growth factors, etc |
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Blood Testes Barrier |
formed by tight junction between sustenacular cells -seperates sperm from immune system -prevents antibodies and other large molecules in the blood from getting to germ cells -germ cells are immunologically different |
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The testes |
Rete Testes- a network embedded in the capsule on the posterior side of the testes collects sperm from the seminiferous tubules -move with flow of fluid secreted by the sustentacular cells, sperm do not swim while in the male reproductive tract Testicular Artery- Supplies each testis, low BP of testicular artery results in poor O2 supply to the testes -sperm develop large mitochondria helping them survive hypoxic environment of female reproductive tract |
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The Testes |
Blood leaves the testes through the paminiform plexus which converge to form the testicular veins
Testicular nerve from spinal cord segmens T10 and T11 carry sensory fibers concerned with pain and motor fibers regulating blood flow |
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Spermatic Duct- From testes to Urethra |
Efferent Ductules- collect sperm from rete testes and transport it to the epididymis
Duct of the epididymis- site of sperm maturation and storage (fertile for 40-60 days) contain single coiled duct in which sperm mature as they travel through; if not ejaculated, sperm disintegrate and epididymis reabsorbs them |
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Spermatic duct (cont.) |
Ductus (vas) deferens- muscular tube passing up from scrotum through inguinal canal to posterior surface of bladder. duct widens behind bladder into the terminal ampulla, duct ends by uniting with duct of seminal vesicle Ejaculatory Duct- formed from vas deferens and seminal vesicle; passes thru prostate to empty into urethra |
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3 regions of urethra |
prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile) urethra |
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3 sets of glands in male reproductive system: |
1. seminal vesicles -form 60% of semen 2. Prostate gland -forms 30% of semen 3. bulbourethral glands -near bulb of penis -during arousal, produce clear slippery fluid that lubricates the head of the penis in preparation for intercourse |
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia |
non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate |
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Prostate Diseases |
*prostate cancer (most common in men besides lung cancer) *Digital rectal exam- palpated through rectal wall to check for tumors * diagnosed from elevated levels of serine protease and acid phosphatase in blood |
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The Penis |
-half internal root/half visible shaft
smegma- waxy secretion produced by sebacious glands in the glans and facing surface of the prepuce (foreskin) |
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Three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue: |
1. single corpus spongiosum -proximal end ensheathed by bulbospongiosus muscle 2&3. Two corpora cavernosa -covered with ischiocavernosus muscle
-all contain many blood sinuses called lacunae -Trabeculae are the partitions between lacunae
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Puberty |
-surge of pituitary gonadotropins awaken the reproductive system, leading to the onset of puberty
adolescence- the period from the onset of gonadotropin secretion and reproductive development to when a person attains full adult height
puberty- first few years of adolescence, until first menstration or ejaculation of viable sperm |
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Endocrine control of puberty |
-Testes become dormant until puberty - from puberty through adulthood, reproductive functions are regulated by hormonal links b/w the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads
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Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) stimulates anterior pituitary cells to produce: |
**follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)- stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen-binding protein that binds testosterone, keeping it in the seminiferous tubule lumen to stimulate spermatogenesis and raising sperm count **Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- sometimes called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) -stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone |
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Endocrine control of Puberty |
-enlargement of secondary sex organs -testosterone stimulates body growth - Increase in erythropoiesis, basal metabolic rate, appetite - stimulates sperm production and libido |
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Endocrine control in adulthood |
-Testosterone sustains the male reproductive tract, sperm production, and libido - Inhibin from sustentacular cells suppresses FSH output from pituitary, reducing sperm production without redicing LH and testosterone secretion |
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Andropause |
rise in FSH and LH secretion after age 50 cause this; male menopause |
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Spermatogenesis |
production of sperm in seminiferous tubules *Involves 3 principle events: 1. Remodeling of large germ cells into small, mobile sperm cells with flagella 2. Reduction of chromosome numbers by 1/2 in sperm cells 3. Shuffling of genes so new combinations exist in sperm that are different from the parents |
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Meiosis |
produces 4 gametes each with only half the DNA of the diploid body cells; combining male and female gametes with half the genetic material produced and embryo with the same number of chromosomes as each of the parents |
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2 types of Meiosis |
1. Meiosis 1, prophase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1: before this begins, DNA is doubled, prophase 1: each pair of homologous chromososmes line up side by side and form tetrads *crossing over creates a new combination of genes
2. Meiosis 2, prophase 2, anaphase 2, and telophase 2 - More like mitosis |
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Spermatogenesis |
-spermatogonia lie along periphery of seminiferous tubules and divide by mitosis -One daughter cell of each division remains in tubule wall of stem cell (type A) -Other daughter cell migrates and is on its way to producing sperm (type B) |
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Type B Spermatogonium |
-enlarge and become primary spermatocytes
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Spermiogenesis |
2 spermatids divide no further, but undergo a transformation in which it differentiates into a spermatozoon |
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Spermatozoon |
have 2 parts: head and tail -Head has 3 parts 1. Nucleus 2. Acromosome (enzyme cap) 3. Basal Body (flagella attaches) -Tail has 3 parts: 1. midpeice (produce ATP for flagellar movement) 2. Principle Piece (constitutes most of tail) 3. Endpiece (narrow tip of flagella) |
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4 phases of intercourse |
1. excitement 2. plateau 3. orgasm 4. resolution |
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic erectile response: |
sympathetic: induce an erection in response to input from special senses and sexual thought
parasympathetic: induce an erection in response to direct stimulation of the penis |
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2 stages of ejaculation: |
1. emission- sympathetic nervous system stimulates peristalsis, which propels sperm through ducts as glandular secretions are added 2. Expulsion- semen in urethra activates somatic and sympathetic reflexes that stimulate muscular contractions that lead to expulsion |
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Bacterial STD's |
Chlamydia- urethral discharge & testicular pain Gonorrhea- pain and pus discharge, may result in sterility from pelvic inflammatory disease Syphilis- hard lesions at site of infection |
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Viral STD's |
Genital Herpes- most common STD in US -blisters and pain Genital Warts- warts on perineal region Hep B&C- inflammatory liver disease |
