Male Repro Pathology

Front 1

What are some functions of male reproductive system?

Back 1

Reproduction
Maintenance of secondary sex characteristics and behavior

Front 2

Germ cell migrate from yolk sac to________ during development.

Back 2

Yolk sac to gonadal ridge

Front 3

What are 5 broad categories of congenital anomalies?

Back 3

1) Cystic lesions
2) Aplasia/hypoplasia/ agenesis
3) Atresia
4) Crytorchidism
5) Various malformations

Front 4

What part of the Y chromosome promotes male development in the fetus?

Back 4

SRY (sex-determining region) of Y chromosome

Front 5

Two duct systems form during development, what must happen in a male for normal development?

Back 5

Sertoli cells produce (supporting cells) Muellerian inhibiting substance which causes regression of Muellarian ducts

Front 6

_______ promotes development of the Wolffian ducts in a male.

Back 6

Androgens

Front 7

What does 5-alpha reductase do in males?

Back 7

Converts testosterone to dihydro-testosterone--> acts on genital tubercle, folds and swellings

Front 8

What are the 3 ways which sex is defined?

Back 8

1) Phenotype
2) Chromosome
3) Gonads

Front 9

What is the remnant of the gubernaculum in males? Females?

Back 9

Males: scrotal ligament (ligamentum testis)
Females: Ovarian ligament & round ligament of the uterus

Front 10

What duct remains in females?

Back 10

Muellarian (paramesonephric)

Front 11

The Wolffian duct (mesonephric duct) becomes what 3 structures?

Back 11

1) Efferent ductules
2) Epididymis
3) Ductus deferens

Front 12

What does the genital tubercle become in males? Females?

Back 12

Males: Penis/ phallus
Females: Clitoris

Front 13

What does the genital fold become in the male? Female?

Back 13

Male: penile urethra
Females: Vestibule

Front 14

What does the genital swelling become in males? Females?

Back 14

Males: Scrotum
Females: Vulvular lips

Front 15

What 3 structures do the Muellarian ducts contribute to in females?

Back 15

1) Oviduct
2) Uterus
3) Cervix

Front 16

What is the usual result of chromosomal sex abnormalities (XXY, XO, XXX)?

Back 16

Often have underdeveloped organs rather than ambiguous phenotype

Front 17

What is sex reversal?

Back 17

Gonadal sex is different from chromosomal sex

Front 18

In animals with sex reversal the sex-determining factor gene can be located on ____ or ______ chromosome.

Back 18

X or autosomal chromosome

Front 19

When are the terms hermaphrodite and pseudohermaphrodite used?

Back 19

When the phenotypic sex does not match the gonadal sex (and often chromosomal sex)

Front 20

Describe a male pseudohermaphrodite.

Back 20

Has phenotypic features of a female (externally and/or in tubular portion of tract) but male gonads

Front 21

What is a bovine freemartin?

Back 21

-Example of chimera in which male cells reach female twin via placental anastomoses
-MIS so get hypoplastic female elements, ovotestis
-seminal vesicles present, +/- other Wolffian structures

Front 22

What do you call an animal that has both testicular and ovarian tissue present, like happens with dogs, pigs, goats and freemartins?

Back 22

Hermaphrodites

Front 23

You have a calf born that has gonadal material in the ovary, a segment of hypoplastic uterine body, seminal vesicles, an underdeveloped vulva and no opening from uterus to vagina.

Back 23

Free martin if was a twin- hermaphrodite

Front 24

True or false. The male twin in a free martin is not compatible with life.

Back 24

False, female is not, male is fine; male cells get into female

Front 25

What are 3 disorders that result in male pseudohermaphrodism?

Back 25

1) Persistent Muellarian duct syndrome (PMDS)
-From unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism
2) Androgen insensitivity
3) 5alpha-reductase deficiency

Front 26

Why do androgen receptor defects lead to male pseudohermaphrodites?

Back 26

Androgens couldn't bind so didn't get promotion of Wolffian ducts

Front 27

Why does a deficiency of 5alpha-reductase lead to male pseudheraphrodites?

Back 27

Because it is the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, so there's a lack of masculinization
-Only proved in humans, not animals

Front 28

What is a cause of female pseudohermaphrodies?

Back 28

Adrenogenital syndrome-an enzyme defect that results in overproduction of adrenal androgens or via iatrogenic administration of androgenic steroids during gestation
-Fairly uncommon

Front 29

What are 4 defense mechanisms of the male reproductive system?

Back 29

1) Protected location
2) Flushing of secretory fluids and urine
3) Antimicrobial compounds in secretions
4) MALT relatively weak except in prepuce and accessory sex glands

Front 30

It is thought that testicular tissues contain ________ that constitutively suppress the immune response to this tissue.

Back 30

Macrophages

Front 31

What are 3 portals of entry into the male reproductive system?

Back 31

1) Ascending
2) Hematogenous
3) Direct penetration

Front 32

What is the primary response of the male reproductive system to injury?

Back 32

Hormonal inputs (excesses or deficiencies) --> hypertrophy or atrophy
-often a critical means of injury

Front 33

Whether changes are _____ or ______ can sometimes give a clue as to the origin.

Back 33

Unilateral or bilateral

Front 34

What part of the male reproductive system is slow to develop inflammatory lesions?

Back 34

Testis

Front 35

The epididymis is prone to what type of response to injury?

Back 35

Granuloma formation
-Happens when sperm gets out and contacts the epididymis

Front 36

The seminiferous tubules are lined by _______ and _______.

Back 36

Sertoli cells
Spermatogonia cells (in various stages of development)

Front 37

The interstitium of the testis contains nerves, blood vessels, connective tissue elements and ______ cells.

Back 37

Leydig cells (steroid producing cells)

Front 38

The epididymis has serosal and _______ tunics in addition to the epithelial lining.

Back 38

Muscular tunics-to help move repro fluids along

Front 39

What are 3 circulatory disturbances that can occur in the testis and epididymis?

Back 39

1) Edema/hemorrhage
2) Thrombosis
3) Infarction (especially due to testicular torsion)
-Don't see these alot

Front 40

How does testicular torsion present up clinical examination?

Back 40

Swollen scrotal sack, more on one side than the other

Front 41

What is the most common cause of male infertility?

Back 41

Testicular degeneration (atrophy)
-Difficult to distinguish from hypoplasia
-Unilateral or bilateral
-Testis is smaller and flabby
-Ask if damage to teste

Front 42

What predisposes the testicle to injury (degeneration)?

Back 42

High metabolic activity of seminiferous epithelium

Front 43

_______ regulation is a cause of testicular degeneration.

Back 43

Thermal regulation
-Why testes are located outside of body
-Get small testis w/ cryptorchidism

Front 44

What are 7 causes of testicular degeneration?

Back 44

1) Thermal regulation
-Why scrotum=outside body
2) Nutritional deficiencies, malnutrition
3) Hormonal influences
4) Auto-immune disease
-Important in horses
5) Toxic chemicals, plants
6) Obstruction to sperm outflow
7) Localized or systemic infection

Front 45

A lack of ______ hormone can cause testicular degeneration, or the presence of ______ hormone can cause testicular degeneration.

Back 45

LH=trophic for cells in testes, necessary or get degeneration
Estrogen causes degeneration

Front 46

How do you diagnose testicular degeneration?

Back 46

Can't diagnose on gross morphologic tissue changes
-Poor semen quality is part of infertility work up w/ degeneration
-Can do testicular biopsy..

Front 47

How does testicular degeneration appear grossly?

Back 47

Testicles are soft, flabby (acute) or small, firm (chronic)

Front 48

Cryptorchidism is common in _______ and there may be a genetic component.

Back 48

Dogs

Front 49

What are 4 causes of testicular hypoplasia?

Back 49

1) Cryptorchidism
2) Primary cytogenetic problems
e.g. Kinnefelters syndrome xxy
3) Endocrine problems
E.g. GnRH, FSH
4) Poor nutrition-zinc deficiency

Front 50

Is orchitis or epididymitis more common?

Back 50

Epididymitis
-Testes are slow at getting inflammation!

Front 51

2 year old polled Saanen which owner has not kidded, never observed pregnant or even bred (infertility); Owner says matilda has uncommon behavior
PE: excellent condition
Poorly developed udder
Small vulva, prominent clitoris
Blunt probe suggests narrow poorly developed vagina
Diagnostic?

Back 51

Male pseudohermaphrodite

Front 52

What is the most common portal of entry for epididymitis?

Back 52

Ascending the tract
-But hematogenous is also an important route (Brucellosis)

Front 53

What are 3 agents that commonly cause epididymitis in rams?

Back 53

1) Actinobacill*
2) Histophilus*
3) Brucellosis ovis (hematogenous)

Front 54

What is the most common cause of epididymitis in dogs? Another less common cause?

Back 54

Opportunistic E. coli infection
-Brucellosis canis can too

Front 55

_______ _______ frequently form when an animal has epididymitis and causes outflow obstruction.

Back 55

Spermatic granulomas

Front 56

What are 3 lesions associated with epididymitis?

Back 56

1) Abscesses
2)*Spermatic granulomas
3) *Adenomyosis

Front 57

What is adenomyosis?

Back 57

Epithelium invades the muscular tunic--> spermatocoele--> spermatic granuloma
-Usually linked to excessive estrogen

Front 58

What is autoimmune orchitis? What is a common sequel?

Back 58

Inflammatory response against antigens in sperm-nothing do with an infectious agent
-Common sequel= testicular degeneration

Front 59

You have a dog with generalized alopecia, what are 3 differentials?

Back 59

1) Hyporthyroidism
2) Hyperadrenocorticism
3) Hyperestrogenism
-Mainly problem in small dogs

Front 60

What is pseudofeminization syndrome? What are the signs?

Back 60

Hyperestrogenism
-Pendulous prepuce
-Gynecomastia

Front 61

If you have an animal with generalized alopecia and you suspect hyperestrogenism, what is your next diagnostic step?

Back 61

Examine the testes because source of estrogen is either from adrenal glands or can be a sertoli cell tumor, in which one teste will look normal or like a tumor and other will be atrophied

Front 62

There are 4 main primary tumors of the testicles, 2 are ______ cell neoplasms and 2 are _____ cell neoplasms.

Back 62

Germ cell and gonadal stromal
-Rarely a mixed tumor is found
-Some can have paraneoplastic effects

Front 63

Multiple testicular neoplasms are common in _____ and testicular tumors are rare in _____.

Back 63

Dogs=multiple
Cats=rare

Front 64

When are testicular neoplasms more common?

Back 64

In retained testes

Front 65

What is the number one testicular neoplasm in the horse and number 2 in dogs?

Back 65

Seminoma (germ cell tumor)
-older stallions
-Dogs w/ cryptorchidism

Front 66

What is the gross appearance of a seminoma?

Back 66

Organ may be enlarged
-Mass is soft, white and bulges from cut surface

Front 67

Testicular neoplasms don't commonly metastasize, but which one metastasizes most often?

Back 67

Sertoli cell tumors-often goes to bones
-Can invade cord and metastasize to draining nodes

Front 68

Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumors are common in the _____ & ____.

Back 68

Dog & bull

Front 69

How do interstitial (Leydig) cell tumors appear grossly?

Back 69

Sharply demarcated, firm, round and often yellow to red

Front 70

Sometimes Interstitial cell tumors are productive tumors, what can they produce?

Back 70

Androgens or estrogens

Front 71

What is the most common testicular neoplasm of dogs?

Back 71

Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor
-#2=seminoma

Front 72

What are the 4 testicular neoplasms?

Back 72

1) Seminoma
2) Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor
3) Sertoli cell tumor
4) Teratoma

Front 73

Dogs are at an increased risk for Sertoli cell tumors if they they are ________.

Back 73

Cryptorchid
But common in descended testes too

Front 74

What is the gross appearance of a sertoli cell tumor?

Back 74

Firm, white, with fibrous tissue trabeculae

Front 75

What is the most common cause of feminization?

Back 75

Sertoli cell tumors
-Produces estrogen

Front 76

Sertoli cell tumors can also affect ______, ______ gland, and ______ gland.

Back 76

Bone marrow
Prostate gland
Thyroid gland

Front 77

What forms a teratoma?

Back 77

From primordial germ cell so can differentiate into multiple mature cell types (at least 2 of 3 germ layers must be present)
-Look for bone, cartilage, hair in testicle

Front 78

What are 2 germ cell tumors of the testicle?

Back 78

Seminoma
Teratoma

Front 79

What are 2 gonadal stromal cell tumors of the testicle?

Back 79

Sertoli cell tumors
Leydig cell tumors

Front 80

Are teratomas malignant or benign?

Back 80

Usually benign, but if not is termed a teratocarcinoma

Front 81

Teratomas are most common in ________.

Back 81

Equine crytorchids

Front 82

What are 2 "common" circulatory disturbances of the spermatic cord and tunica vaginalis?

Back 82

Cord torsion
Varicocele

Front 83

What are 2 lesions of the spermatic cord and tunica vaginalis that can develop as a sequelae to castration?

Back 83

1) Infection
2) Scirrous cord (too much granulation tissue)

Front 84

The peritoneum communicates with the tunica vaginalis, what are the potential consequences?

Back 84

Can get processes getting into scrotal sack through vaginal ring opening, can get implants of metastatic disease get to scrotal sack through ring

Front 85

What is a lesion of the male accessory sex glands that can cause infertility in bulls and less commonly in rams and boars?

Back 85

Seminal vasculitis
-From bacteria, brucella & mycoplasma spp.

Front 86

The prostate gland is a trouble spot in ____.

Back 86

Dogs

Front 87

The prostate gland is derived from the urogenital sinus and responds to both _____ and _____.

Back 87

Estrogen and androgens
-Comes off Wolffian duct

Front 88

What usually causes prostatitis?

Back 88

Ascending bacterial infections

Front 89

What are the clinical signs of prostate problems?

Back 89

-Trouble urinating
-Straining to defacate (common)
-Bladder infections & general inflammation of UT--> bloody discharge from penis, occasionally hematuria

Front 90

Prostatic cysts can be congenital, but most are acquired due to__________.

Back 90

Obstruction of glandular outflow
-Secondary to metaplasia, hyerplasia, inflammation

Front 91

What are 3 disorders of growth of the prostate?

Back 91

1) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
2) Metaplasia of ductal tissue or urethra with excess *estrogen
3) Adenocarcinoma

Front 92

How are prostatic adenocarcinomas diagnosed?

Back 92

On gland asymmetry, loss of normal architecture, invasive growth
-May metastasize to local nodes, bones or other organs

Front 93

What is the term for the inability to protrude the penis? What's it sequel to?

Back 93

Phimosis
-Sequel to inflammation or masses

Front 94

What do you call it when the penis can't retract? What's it sequel to?

Back 94

Paraphimosis
-Inflammation, vascular anomaly

Front 95

What is phallitis?

Back 95

Inflammation of penis-don't use often

Front 96

What is balanitis?

Back 96

Inflammation of the glands penis

Front 97

What is posthitis?

Back 97

Inflammation of prepuce

Front 98

What is more common than balanitis, posthitis or phallitis?

Back 98

Balanoposthitis and phalloposthitis

Front 99

What are 3 rare congenital defects of the penis and prepuce?

Back 99

1) Persistent frenulum
-tag of tissue that's supposed to release from penis, if doesn't breka down causes fertility problems bc male can't get an erection
2) Deviated penis
3) Hypospadia
-Opening on ventral aspect, urethra tends not to be intact

Front 100

What are 3 causes of balanoposthitis?

Back 100

1) Herpesvirus
2) Habronema spp.
-Larvae are deposited by penis by insects and causes inflammation
3) Trauma! urethral rupture, hair ring etc w/ secondary inflammation
-Others: ovine ulcerative posthitis and pigs prone to prosthitis due to preputial diverticulum

Front 101

*What is the number one tumor of the penis and prepuce of horses?

Back 101

Squamous cell carcinoma
-Think UV may play a role..
-Smegma?
-Papillomavirus involved..

Front 102

What tumor of the penis/prepuce is seen in younger bulls? Etiology?

Back 102

Fibropapilloma
Etiology: virus, theoretically veneral transmission

Front 103

Pigs & horses can get _____ neoplasms on the penis & prepuce.

Back 103

Papillomas

Front 104

What neoplasm of the penis and prepuce can develop in dogs? Etiology?

Back 104

Transmissible veneral tumor
-Animals seem to have an abnormal number of chromosomes

Front 105

What are 4 lesions of the spermatic cord and tunica vaginalis?

Back 105

1) Inflammation
2) Fluid accumulation
3) Metastases
4) Herniation