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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the major pathogens for human malaria
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Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax |
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what species of mosquitos transmit malaria to humans
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Anopheles spp.
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what age group is most at risk from malaria
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Under 5
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Name one characteristic of Apicomplexa
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Evasion of the vertebrate immune system
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Name 2 species belonging to Apicomplexa
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Plasmodium, cryptosporidium
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What life stage of Plasmodium infect humans? Mosquitos
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Sporozoaties
Gametocites |
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What is the significance of periodicity of P. falciparum and what is the length of periodicity
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cyclic fevers
48 hours |
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whata is the significance of Hypnozooite form? Name 2 human pathogens that have this form
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latent form
P. vivax, p. ovale |
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what area of the world has the highest malaria burden?
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sub-saharan Africa
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Why P. vivax less likely to be found in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Duffy blood
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Name 2 subgenera responsible for transmitting malaria to mammalians in the Old and New world
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Anopheles
Celia |
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Name 2 potential vectors for malaria in US
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Freeborni
quadrimaculatus |
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What are cryptic species complexes and are they significant for understanding malaria transmission? How
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Groups of closely related species
Yes, due to potential behavioral differences |
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Are cryptic complexes a frequent occurrence in malaria transitting vectors
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Yes
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What is R?
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reproduction rate
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what are the main targets in malaria control today? and example
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Reduce parasite reservoir (vaccines)
reduce human-mosquito contract (bed nets) reduce vector abundance (insecticides) Reduce Vector longevity (bed nets) |
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Name 3 clinical manifestations of malaria
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sever malaria anemia
cerebral malaria malaria in pregnancy |
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what proteins do the Var genes encode in P. falciparum? And what are they components of?
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PfEMP1
knobs |
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How large is the Var gene family?
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60 genes
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what is the significance of var gene family as an immune response point of view?
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helps pathogen evade immune system
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Name 3 antimalarials
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Quinine
Proguanil Mefloquine |
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2 insecticides used in control of malarial vectors
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DDT, Malathion
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one advantage and one disadvantage of using insecticide treated bednets
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- protects against night biting
- hot |
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what is one problem with regards to antimalarial drugs
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cost
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is resistance an issue with insecticide treated bednets in Africa
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yes
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what is purpose of "medicine for malaria" venture?
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a nonprofit creted to discover, deliver new antimalarial drugs through public-private partnership
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is there an effective antimalarial vaccine for humans?
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NO
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What type of vaccine is RTS,S vaccine
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recombinant vaccine
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3 goals of elimination/eradication strategies
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antimalarial drugs that kill gametocytes
improved efficiency of current interventions totally novel ideas |
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name 2 evolutionary adaptation to resistance to malaria in humans
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sickle cell
fetal hemoglobin |
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How many differences are there between normal hemoglobin beta chain in normal Hb and Hb S?
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1
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What characterizes sickle cell hemoglobin?
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red blood cell shape
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Does having the sickle cell phenotype have an advantage in malaria rich region? what information can you use to prove this point?
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yes, phenotype frequency in population
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what parasite does the RTS,S vaccine protect against
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plasmodium flaciparum
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which vaccination schedule was chosen for phase III trial of RTS,S/AS01?
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0,1,2 month vaccine schedule
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What is the take home message of phase III trial of RTS,S/AS01 vaccination?
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no reduction in death to malaria, reduced clinical episodes
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Briefly describe the multicenter design of phase III trial of RTS,S/AS01.
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2 categories: 6-12 wks age, 5-17 months age
3 groups: - 3 RTSS vacc + booster - 3 RTSS vacc + control booster - control group non-malarial vacc + control booster |
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what are some of the cons to the RTS,S vaccine
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pain, fever
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Name 2 goals of current drug treatment in malaria
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protect infants and create a long duration protection
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What are the Athemisin based combinations? why are they effective? Give 2 reasons
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combo of 2 or more blood schizonticidal drugs with individual actions
-reduces parasites which gets rid of symptoms - reduces gametocytes reducing resistance |
