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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are desirable difficulties? |
Short-term obstacles that make for stronger learning.
Effortful learning is more effective than easy learning. |
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What makes learning more effortful? |
Recall that is spaced, interleaved, and varied. |
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What are the steps of learning, and what happens in the brain during each one? |
Encoding - conversion of sensory input into memory traces in short term memory
Conversion - memory traces turned into cohesive representation in long term memory
Retrieval - recalling the information lets you use it |
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Is deeply entrenched knowledge forgotten? |
No, it stays in long-term memory. But it can become hard to access because you forget retrieval cues. |
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What happens in the brain when you reconsolidate learning? |
During recall - especially when you've forgotten a little - you have to reconstruct what you already studied.
This effort to reconstruct the learning makes important ideas salient / memorable, and connects them to other knowledge. That makes the representation deeper and more durable.
But it also, improve retrieval routes, so the presentation is easier to recall. |
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What is a mental model? |
A set of ideas or skills (representations) that form a meaningful whole - like driving a car - and allow you to respond to situations. |
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How do you get a mental model? |
Reconsolidate multiple times through effortful retrieval - spaced, interleaved, varied practice. |
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How does interleaving/mixing recall affect reconsolidation? |
It makes representations / mental models more versatile (better learning).
And because they are effortful recall, they generally make new connections (more durable) and strengthens retrieval routes (easier to access) - just like spacing. |
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What is generation, and how does it affect learning? |
Trying to solve the problem before you've been given the answer. It makes learning stronger. |
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What's another word for generative learning? |
Trial and error.
Figuring things out by just starting to do them - trying to generate the answer - is generative learning. |
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What is a growth mindset? |
The belief that your abilities can improve through learning, and that learning requires effort. |
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How does a person with a growth mindset view failure? |
As a sign of effort, and a (necessary) turn in the road, instead of a sign of inability and the end of the road. |
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What makes a difficulty undesirable in learning? |
If the learner doesn't have the necessary background or skills to overcome them. |
