Mais 6510 Final

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Colonialism

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is military, economic, and cultural oppression/domination of one country over another. e.g. European invasion of Africa, Asia, and the Americas since the 16th century onwards. Colonialism involves the consolidation of imperial power, and is manifested in the settlement of territory, the exploitation or development of resources, and the attempt to govern the indigenous inhabitants of occupied lands.

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Cultural Lens

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is the lens, grounded and colored according to the prescription of a culture, or to the cultural conditioning derived from, through which everyone who has experienced that particular kind of conditioning views the world.

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Ethnicity:

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...seems to be a new term,” state Nathan Glazer and Daniel Moynihan (1975: 1), who point to the fact that the term’s earliest dictionary appearance is in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972. Its first usage is attributed to the American sociologist David Riesman in 1953. The word “ethnic,” however, is much older. The word is derived from the Greek ethnos (which in turn derived from the word ethnikos), which originally meant heathen or pagan (R. Williams, 1976: 119). It was used in this sense in English from the mid-14th century until the mid-19th century, when it gradually began to refer to “racial” characteristics. In the United States, “ethnics” came to be used around the Second World War as a polite term referring to Jews, Italians, Irish and other people considered inferior to the dominant group of largely British descent. None of the founding fathers of sociology and social anthropology—with the partial exception of Max Weber—granted ethnicity much attention

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Class

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” means redirecting the study of US cultural formation away from myths, themes, symbols, and elitist networks—which are symptomatic, not causal—and focusing more precisely on conquest and invasion, capital accumulation, urbanization, colonial and imperial expansion, and late capitalism, as the framework that nurtures and limits the context in which active agents create culture.

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Gender

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means the perception of sex roles and sexuality itself as ideological creations within the above context, as well as within the traditions of so-called Western and non-Western Culture. As a result, use of the category may increase our understanding of how men and women are ‘made’ through the linguistic construction of sexual difference.

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Race

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refers to an understanding of the ideology of racism through which people of color—primarily people of non-European origin—have been marked for special forms of super-exploitation. But it is also a means of recognizing that people of color have forged new and complex cultures, many with distinct national features, blending and transforming elements of the dominant culture with elements of their indigenous cultures under precise conditions of exploitation. (Alan Wald 30–31)

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Globalization and Urbanization:

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1. has brought more than half of the world’s population huddled together in the large cities. 2. especially through technologically advanced transportation and communication, has reduced the world to a global village. The importance and implication of cross-cultural understanding in a global world are essential since globalization and urbanization of our society has changed its complexion and composition. In this cosmopolitan scene, we need to widen our horizons so that we can take advantage of the present situation and remain relevant.

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Homogeneous and Heterogeneous:

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heterogeneous refer to the same and of different in areas such as race, class, gender, religion, etc.

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Intercultural Experience

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Terms which refer to various effects produced in an individual by the intercultural experience would include “culture shock,” “transition shock,” and “re-entry shock.”

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Mindset

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is defined by Webster as a “fixed mental attitude formed by experience, education, prejudice, etc.” In international relations, we are concerned with the reasons why people are predisposed to perceive and respond as they do. Mindset, therefore, becomes a useful conceptual tool for examining how people look at the specific events and problems that concern us in practical affairs.

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Multiculturalism

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“a social and ideology predicated on the belief that no system of values is innately superior to any other” (361). Emerging from the civil rights movement in the 1960s and collaborating with feminism in the 1970s, multiculturalism developed “a strong reaction against the idealization of Eurocentric and male-dominated orthodoxies to a movement with profound academic, social, and political complications” (Matuz 361).

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Postcolonialism

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theory, literature, and criticism—constitutes a major intervention in the widespread revisionist project that has impacted academia since the 1960s. Postcolonial studies, therefore, intends to “scrutinize” the colonizer-colonized relationship and “resist,” “reshape,” “overhaul,” colonial perspectives; bringing to the center of the discussion the interconnection of issues of race, nation, empire, migration and ethnicity with cultural production.

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CULTURE

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Glen Fisher, a sociologist and applied anthropologist, who spent 22 years in the foreign service, claims that from an anthropological point of view, “culture often means customs, that is, traditional or characteristic activities that can be observed, such as tribal dances, religious rites, marriage practices, and so forth” (43). T. S. Eliot has written that culture “may . . . be described simply as that which makes life worth living” (2). Emil Brunner, a theologian, has stated that “culture is materialisation of meaning” (3). Donald Bloesch, another theologian, says that culture “is the task appointed to humans to realize their destiny in the world in service to the glory of God” (4). Anthropologist, E. Adamson Hoebel, believes that culture “is the integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance” (5). These and other definitions, according to Solomon, can be combined to include the “worldviews, actions, and products of a given community of people” (1)

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WORLDVIEW

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“[denotes] the widest view which the mind can take of things in the effort to grasp them together as a whole from the standpoint of some particular philosophy or theology” (3). He continues to show that a developed worldview provides answers to the questions of origin, purpose, and destiny among other things, or as some put it, the “why, whence, and whither” of things (6-7). James Sire asserts that “A worldview is a set of presuppositions (or assumptions) which we hold (consciously or subconsciously) about the basic makeup of our world” (17). Phillips and Brown state that “A worldview is, first of all, an explanation and interpretation of the world and second, an application of this view to life. In simpler terms, our worldview is a view of the world and a view for the world” (29). Walsh and Middleton provide a shorter and more concrete explanation: “A world view provides a model of the world which guides its adherents in the world” (32).

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DEISM

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“The Deist believes in God, but that God created and then abandoned the universe” (Solomon 4). Though not a school of thought, deism became a powerful force for naturalism.

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NATURALISM

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Even though Naturalism in various forms is ancient, we will use the term to refer to a worldview that has had considerable influence in a relatively short time within Western culture. The seeds were planted in the seventeenth century and began to flower in the eighteenth. Most of us have been exposed to Naturalism through Marxism and what is called Secular Humanism.

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PANTHEISM:

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Pantheism—pan means all. All that exits is God; there are merely different levels of existence that correspond to different levels of divinity. The lowest level is matter, then comes the vegetable kingdom, followed by the animal kingdom, and finally, mankind. But everything is God; nation is God, you are God, I am God. God is all there is. Chandler adds that pantheism is the “belief that God and the world are ultimately identical. God is the forces and laws of the universe but is not a being with personality” (334).

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REINCARNATION

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“If a man dies, shall he live again?” questioned Job (Job 14:14). Heb. 9:27 replies, “It is appointed unto man once to die but after this the judgement.” Hamlet wonders about the terrors after death (suicide): “For in that sleep of death what dreams may come when we have shuffled off this mortal coil” ( ). Reincarnation is the “belief that the soul moves from one bodily existence to another until, usually following many particular existences, it is released from historical existence and absorbed into the Absolute” (Chandler 334). Closely linked to this eastern philosophy is the concept of karma, a “Hindu term for the “law” of justice, or cause and effect, requiring that the accumulated effect of one’s actions in this life determine the type of existence the soul would have in the next life; you reap what you sow” (332-33). This philosophy deletes the grace and mercy of a loving God. Further, is has done nothing to elevate the status of the Untouchables in India. This lowest caste and class of people have suffered for thousands of years as a result of religious ignorance. On November 4, 2001, however, over 350 million Dalits or Untouchables denounced Hinduism publicly in New Delhi.

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MORAL RELATIVISM

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“What is true for me may not be true for you.” “If it feels good, do it.” “Whatever you feel is best or right for you to do, do it.” As far back as 1976 a survey showed that 51% of graduate students from 40 universities believed in moral relativism.

John Dewey, the philosopher and educator, who publicized relativism in America, believed that morality, like language, varies from culture to culture and therefore no one moral belief is superior to another. The Eskimos who practice infanticide, the women of Tibet who have several husbands, the women of a certain religion who would have to have sexual intercourse with over one thousand men in order to be qualified for the position of a high priest, and a sincere Christian priest are all on the same moral plain (Lutzer 88). The only principle that governs behavior is whether or not it works. And what works today may not work tomorrow, and what works for me may not work for you. Therefore freeing a country from the invasion and domination of another country may not be acceptable by some even though the end result is morally good.

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ESOTERICISM

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When Satan came to Adam and Eve, he persuaded them to make their own decisions without consulting God. To do this they had to trust their own intuitions rather than obey a clear command. In return their eyes would be opened, and they would experience enlightenment (Gen. 3:6).

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Ascetics

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n. A person who renounces material comforts and leads a life of austere self-discipline, especially as an act of religious devotion.

adj. 1. Leading a life of self-discipline and self-denial, especially for spiritual improvement.
2. Pertaining to or characteristic of an ascetic; self-denying and austere: an ascetic existence.

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Exotic/Exoticism:

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adj.1. of foreign origin or character; not native; introduced from abroad, but not fully naturalized or acclimatized
2. strikingly unusual or strange in effect or appearance
3. of a uniquely new or experimental nature
www.dictionary.com

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Hybrid Identity

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The term 'hybrid' refers to the concept of hybridity, an important concept in post-colonial theory, referring to the integration (or, mingling) of cultural signs and practices from the colonizing and the colonized cultures ("integration" may be too orderly a word to represent the variety of stratagems, desperate or cunning or good-willed, by which people adapt themselves to the necessities and the opportunities of more or less oppressive or invasive cultural impositions, live into alien cultural patterns through their own structures of understanding, thus producing something familiar but new).

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Miscegenation

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n. 1. marriage or cohabitation between a man and woman of different races, esp., in the U.S., between a black and a white person.
2. interbreeding between members of different races.
3. the mixing or a mixture of races by interbreeding.
www.dictionary.com

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Mulatto

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n. 1. the offspring of one white parent and one black parent: not in technical use.
2. a person whose ancestry is a mixture of Negro and Caucasian.
adj. 3.of a light-brown color.
www.dictionary.com

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ETHNOGRAPHY

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In my undergraduate work in communications ethnography is the study of a culture while you are immersed within it. The most common methods used are field notes, because while most people you are studying will consent to being spoken with they usually don’t wish to be recorded. It is more qualitative and time consuming than other research options such as surveying or contextual analysis. Many ethnographers make books from their studies. One I studied was “Guarding Sing Sing” about a researcher who was not granted access to Sing Sing’s maximum security prison in NY to do research so he became a CO and did his study covertly.

“Descriptive study of a particular human society. Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely on fieldwork. The ethnographer lives among the people who are the subject of study for a year or more, learning the local language and participating in everyday life while striving to maintain a degree of objective detachment. He or she usually cultivates close relationships with "informants" who can provide specific information on aspects of cultural life. While detailed written notes are the mainstay of fieldwork, ethnographers may also use tape recorders, cameras, or video recorders.”

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RACE

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A distinctive human type possessing characteristic traits that are transmissible by descent. Descendants of a common ancestor.
(biology) An infraspecific taxonomic group of organisms, such as subspecies or microspecies. A fixed variety or breed.

There are a million definitions of race but there is one common thread which is biological DNA. Race is not a social construct (i.e. gender) or where you are from (i.e. origin). It is undeniable.

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SYNERGY

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According to American Heritage Dictionaries @ answers.com synergy is:
1. The interaction of two or more agents or forces so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
2. Cooperative interaction among groups, especially among the acquired subsidiaries or merged parts of a corporation, that creates an enhanced combined effect.
The only example I can think of is of the movie “In Good Company” with Dennis Quaid and Scarlett Johanssen. A new and young boss moves into Sports America and takes over Dennis’s position and needs to increase ad sales by 20 or so percent which is near impossible. The new guy is sweating telling his newly acquired employees and comes upon the idea of “synergy” between a sister company (Krispity Krunch) and Sports America to put sports factoids on cereal boxes.

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TRANSNATIONAL

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According to American Heritage Dictionaries @answers.com it is:
1. Reaching beyond or transcending national boundaries: “the transnational ramifications of terror networks” (Emanuel Litvinoff).
2. Relating to or involving several nations or nationalities: transnational organizations.
Transnational corporations (TNC’s) are what comes to mind for me. They are defined in business as “a company that maintains significant operations in more than one country simultaneously and decentralizes decision making in each operation to the local country” (Fundamentals of Management; Robbins and DeCenzo; 5th ed 2005)
THIRD WORLD (1ST, 2ND, 4TH)
Third World is defined in American Heritage Dictionaries @ answers.com as:
1. The developing nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin American.
2. Minority groups as a whole within a larger prevailing culture.
It is also defined by Houghton Mifflin Company on answers.com as:
“The nonaligned nations — which are often developing nations — of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. They are in a “third” group of nations because they were allied neither with the United States nor with the former Soviet Union.”

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Globalization

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to extend to other or all parts of the globe; make worldwide: efforts to globalize the auto industry.

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Eurocentrism

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. centered on Europe and Europeans.
2. considering Europe and Europeans as focal to world culture, history, economics, etc.

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Exploration:

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1. an act or instance of exploring or investigating; examination.
2. the investigation of unknown regions.

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Travel

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1. to go from one place to another, as by car, train, plane, or ship; take a trip; journey: to travel for pleasure.
2. to move or go from one place or point to another.
3. to proceed or advance in any way.
4. to go from place to place as a representative of a business firm.
5. to associate or consort: He travels in a wealthy crowd.
6. Informal. to move with speed.

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Frontier

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1. the part of a country that borders another country; boundary; border.
2. the land or territory that forms the furthest extent of a country's settled or inhabited regions.
3. Often, frontiers.
a. the limit of knowledge or the most advanced achievement in a particular field: the frontiers of physics.
b. an outer limit in a field of endeavor, esp. one in which the opportunities for research and development have not been exploited: the frontiers of space exploration.

4. Mathematics. BOUNDARY (def. 2).
5. of, pertaining to, or located on the frontier: a frontier town.

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Cartography

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the production of maps, including construction of projections, design, compilation, drafting, and reproduction.

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Creolization

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Relating to language:
A combination of two or more languages that has features of both
(Derived from Portuguese, via Spanish to French)
The second stage where a pidgin language becomes developed into a “mother tongue”
The act or process of adopting qualities of language or customs

Relating to “race”
Mixing

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Creole

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A mixture of European (Spanish or French) and Negro
A person of European descent, especially French or Spanish born in Central or South America, the West Indies, or the United States Gulf region.

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Relating to culture:

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Creolization describes how cross-fertilization takes place between different cultures when they interact. The locals select particular elements from in-coming cultures, endow these with meanings different from those they possessed in the original culture and then creatively merge these with indigenous traditions to create totally new forms. The word is used in so many contexts that it is impossible to be comprehensive.”
“In the Caribbean, 'Creoles' may refer to people of part-European descent, or those that have been strongly acculturated to European ways.”

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Diaspora

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To scatter or spread about
Scattered colonies
The area outside Palestine settled by Jews
A dispersion of people of a common national origin or culture
Exile, scattering, migration
People force or induced to leave their homeland
“Migration or dispersal of people or communities. Originally associated with the Jewish experience, now generally refers to the ways in which ethnic groups, although dispersed throughout the world, nevertheless share elements of a common culture or heritage.”

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Hegemony

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The domination by one group, culture, nation, military over others
Having a preponderance of influence or authority
It is derived from the Greek for “to lead”

“… extended by Gramsci to denote a more general and intellectual dominance, especially when hegemonic ideas influence people's political and cultural perceptions.”

A hegemonic power connotes intrusiveness and seeks to control through whatever means necessary.

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Orientalism

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Assigning to others membership in a deviant society
A cultural construction to support of the notion of two separate and unequal civilizations that is undertaken to justify cultural superiority
One Culture is dominant and hegemonic towards others that are perceived as inferior and thus in need of assistance
A paradox of colonialism…supported by neocolonialism an the necessities of neoliberalism

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Xenophobic

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A fear of strangers or foreigners – often irrational – sometimes contemptuous
Distrust or hatred of strangers

“Fear of cultural elements that are considered alien”
“Public attitude toward strangers or the unknown” that expresses derision or hatred
“Fear or dislike of foreigners or those different from oneself”

Excessive or unreasoned fear of foreign people or things

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Xenophobe

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A person who is unduly fearful or contemptuous of that which is foreign, especially foreign people
A person who distrusts &/or hates foreigners

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Decolonization

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refers to the achievement of independence by the various Western colonies and protectorates in Asia and Africa following World War II. This conforms with an intellectual movement known as Post-Colonialism. Decolonization could be achieved by attaining independence, integrating with the administering power or another state, or establishing a "free association" status. The United Nations (UN) has stated that in the process of decolonization there is no alternative to the principle of self-determination.

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Imperialism

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a policy of exerting effective and continuing control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires. This is either through direct territorial conquest or settlement, or through indirect methods of influencing or controlling the politics and/or economy.

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Slave/slavery

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a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as

slaves — are deprived of their personal freedom and compelled to provide their labor or services. The term also refers to the status or condition of those persons, who are treated as the property of another person or household. Slaves are held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase, or birth, and are deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to receive compensation in return for their labor. As such, slavery is one form of un-free labor.

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Nation

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a group of humans who are assumed to share a common identity, and to share a common language, religion, ideology, culture, and/or history. They are usually assumed to have a common origin, in the sense of ancestry, parentage or descent.

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Nationalism

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an ideology that holds that a nation is the fundamental unit for human social life, and takes precedence over any other social and political principles. Nationalism typically makes certain political claims based upon this belief: above all, the claim that the nation is the only fully legitimate basis for a state, that each nation is entitled to its own state, and that the borders of the state should be congruent with the borders of the nation. Nationalism refers to both a political doctrine and any collective action by political and social movements on behalf of specific nations. Nationalism has had an enormous influence upon world history, since the nation-state has become the dominant form of state organization. Most of the world's population now lives in states which are, at least nominally, nation-states. Historians also use the term "nationalism" to refer to this historical transition, and to the emergence of nationalist ideology and movements.

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Exile/exiles

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can be a form of punishment. It means to be away from one's home (i.e. city, state or country) while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return.
It's common to distinguish between internal exile, i.e., forced resettlement within the country of residence, and external exile, deportation outside the country of residence.
Exile can also be a self-imposed departure from one's homeland. Self-exile is often practiced as form of protest or to avoid persecution.

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African-American studies

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concerns itself primarily with the examination of the customs and culture of its people, namely Black Americans of African descent, who were forcefully brought to America between the seventeenth and nineteenth century because of America's colonization of their homeland; the ‘dark' continent of Africa. Arguably the most significant investigation within post-colonialism at present, African-American studies tackles issues such as the effects of imperialism on identity and racial boundaries, ethnicity, marginality and the authenticity of literary and oral records of history.

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Apartheid

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(literally "separateness" in Afrikaans) was a system of racial segregation that was enforced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. South Africa had long been ruled by whites and apartheid was designed to form a legal framework for continued economic and political dominance by people of European descent.

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Rastafari movement

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is a religion and philosophy that accepts Haile Selassie I, the former Emperor of Ethiopia, as Jah[1], and part of the Holy Trinity as the messiah promised in the Bible to return. The name Rastafari comes from Ras (Head or Duke or Chief) Tafari Makonnen, the pre-coronation name of Haile Selassie I.
The movement emerged in Jamaica among working-class and peasant black people in the early 1930s, arising from an interpretation of Biblical prophecy partly based on Selassie's status as the only African monarch of a fully independent state, and his titles of King of Kings, Lord of Lords, and Conquering Lion of Judah (Revelation 5:5). Other factors leading to its rise include the sacred use of cannabis, and various Afrocentric social and political aspirations, such as the teachings of Jamaican publicist and organiser Marcus Garvey (also often regarded as a prophet), whose political and cultural vision helped inspire a new world view. The movement is called Rastafarianism by some non-Rastas, although Rastas themselves generally regard that term as improper and offensive, because of the saying that "isms" denote "schisms".

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Black Consciousness Movement

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is a grassroots anti-Apartheid activist movement that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960’s out of the political vacuum created by the decimation of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress leadership, by jailing and banning, after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960.[1]
The BCM’s policy of perpetually challenging the dialectic of Apartheid South Africa as a means of conscientizing Black brought it into direct conflict with the full force of the Security Apparatus of the Apartheid regime. “Black man, you are on your own” became the rallying cry as mushrooming activity committees implemented what was to become a relentless campaign of challenge to what was then referred to by the BCM as ‘the System’. It eventually sparked a confrontation on June 16th, 1976 in Soweto, when at least 200 people were killed by the South African Security Forces, as students marched to protest the use of the Afrikaans language in African Schools. Unrest spread like wildfire throughout the country. The Black revolution in South Africa had begun.

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Ecological Imperialism

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argues that the displacement of the native peoples of the temperate zones of the world--North America, Australia, and New Zealand by European peoples was the result of the European plants and animals the invaders brought with them, and not just their superior weapons

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Caribbean

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of or relating to the Caribbean Sea, its islands, or its Central or South American coasts or to the peoples or cultures of this region.
2. of or relating to the Carib or their language or culture.

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West Indian

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a native or inhabitant of the West Indies (Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad, Tobago, and the Windward and Leeward island colonies)

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Comprador

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formerly in China) a native agent or factotum, as of a foreign business house
2. An intermediary; a go-between
3. A native-born agent in China and certain other Asian countries formerly employed by a foreign business to serve as a collaborator or intermediary in commercial transactions.

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Emigration

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the act of leaving one country or region to settle in another

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Immigration

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to enter and settle in a country or region to which one is not native

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Mestizo

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a person of racially mixed ancestry, esp., in Latin America; of mixed American Indian and European, usually Spanish or Portuguese, ancestry

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Métisee

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a woman of white, esp. French, and American Indian parentage.

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Testimonio

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Spanish term for: the statement(s) made by a person or people who testify in a law-court; evidence

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Surveillance

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The use of (usually) electronic means, passive or active, to obtain information about the nature, position, or movement of, e.g., aircraft (cooperative or non-cooperative, friendly or unfriendly), sources of electromagnetic emissions, etc. 2. Nonintrusive monitoring of digital signals in real time to recognize performance degradations and failures and system intrusion attempts.

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Ethnicity

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Categories used to describe groups to which individuals belong, identify with, or belong in the eyes of the community. The categories do not denote scientific definitions of anthropological origins. A person may be counted in only one group. The groups used to categorize U.S. citizens, resident aliens, and other eligible non-citizens are as follows: Black, non-Hispanic, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, White, non-Hispanic.

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Exile

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Enforced removal from one's native country. 2.) Self-imposed absence from one's country. 3.) The condition or a period of living away from one's native country. 4.) One who lives away from one's native country, whether because of expulsion or voluntary absence. (American Heritage Dictionary)

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Inner Conflict

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characterized by arguments or struggles between different parts of ourselves. (American Heritage Dictionary)

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Cultural Diversity

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ethnic, gender, racial, and socioeconomic variety in a situation, institution, or group; the coexistence of different ethnic, gender, racial, and socioeconomic groups within one social unit

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Cross Cultural Witnessing

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Ministering the word of God between two or more cultures

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Cultural Diversity

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Coexistence of numerous distinct ethnic, racial, religious, or cultural groups within one social unit, organization, or population. (http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Cultural_diversity)

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Cultural Difference

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What sets two cultures apart from each other. Distinction between two or more cultures.

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Colonialism

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exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one; the use of the weaker country's resources to strengthen and enrich the stronger country
the control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people.
the system or policy by which a nation maintains or advocates such control or influence.

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Transculturation

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is a concept that was defined by Fernando Ortiz, a very important and significant Cuban anthropologist.
When two culture groups interact together over a period of time, three things will occur.
1. Acculturation-adopting parts of a culture other than your own
2. Deculturation-giving up parts of your own culture
3. neoculturation-adding new parts to the culture that did not exist in previous cultures

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Multiculturalism

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The preservation of different cultures or cultural identities within a unified society, as a state or nation.

A term describing the coexistence of many cultures in a locality, without any one culture dominating the region. By making the broadest range of human differences acceptable to the largest number of people, multiculturalism seeks to overcome racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination.

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Magical realism

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is a literary genre that incorporates fantasy, imagination, supernatural, etc. into every day common life in a story or setting. The basic framework or setting may be real, but much of the characteristics under the surface are not. Unlike most short stories and fairy tales, magical realist pieces do not end with a simple truth or moral; there is no certainty, the reader is left wondering and questioning the events throughout the story. Gabriel Garcia Marquez is known for the introduction of this genre into literature.

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World system theory

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A world-system is any historical social system of interdependent parts that form a bounded structure and operate according to distinct rules, or "a unit with a single division of labor and multiple cultural systems" (1974a: 390). Three concrete instances stand out: mini-systems, world empires, and world-economies.

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Absolutism

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In criticism, the belief in irreducible, unchanging values of form and content that underlie the tastes of individuals and periods and arise from the stability of an absolute hierarchical order.

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Determinism

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The philosophical belief that events are shaped by forces beyond the control of human beings.

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Dialect

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A variety of language belonging to a particular time, place, or social group, as, for example, an 18th-century cockney dialect, a New England dialect, or a coal miner's dialect. A language other than one's own is for the most part unintelligible without study or translation; a dialect other than one's own can generally be understood, although pronunciation, vocabulary, and syntax seem strange.

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Intercultural competence

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The ability to behave effectively and appropriately in interactions across cultures

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Perception

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The process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret external and internal stimuli to create their view of the world.

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Collectivistic

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The tendency to focus on the goals, needs, and views of the in-group rather than individuals' own goals, needs, and views.

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Europeanisation

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the export of European political institutions, political practice and way of life beyond the European continent mainly through the means of colonization and coercion

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Balkanization

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geopolitical term to describe the fragmentation of a region into several small states that are often hostile or non-cooperative with each other

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Totalitarianism

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absolute control by the state or a governing branch of a highly centralized institution

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Etnocentrism

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Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture.

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Fanaticism

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excessive intolerance of opposing views.

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Desi

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This is a colloquial name for people of South Asian descent, particularly those of Indian and Pakistani descent, to self describe each other

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Glocalization

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a term that was invented in order to emphasize that the globalization of a product is more likely to succeed when the product or service is adapted specifically to each locality or culture it is marketed in.

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Griot

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African tribal storyteller. The griot's role was to preserve the genealogies and oral traditions of the tribe. Griots were usually among the oldest men. In places where written language is the prerogative of the few, the place of the griot as cultural guardian is still maintained. In Senegal, for example, the griot — without resorting to fantasy — recites poems or tells stories of warriors, drawing on his own sources of inspiration.

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Social Disintegration

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the tendency for society to decline or disintegrate over time, perhaps due to the lapse or breakdown of traditional social support systems. It is important to note that in this context, "society" refers to the social order which maintains a society, rather than the political order that defines its boundaries. Society in the sociological sense is not the same as a country

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Spanglish

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Spanish spoken with a large admixture of English, esp. American, words and expressions.

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Code- switching

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the alternate use of two or more languages or varieties of language, esp. within the same discourse.

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Linguistic Borrowing

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Process of taking an English word and molding it into a Spanish one or vice-versa. The words are pronounced with the accent of the main language spoken.

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DICHOTOMY

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division into 2 especially mutually exclusive or contradictory groups or entities

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ATHESIM

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an absence of belief in the existence of gods

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EXTREMISM

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advocacy of extreme measures or views; extreme ideas or actions