Mader 44 Vocabulary

Front 1

Extraembryonic membrane that acumulates nitrogenous wastes in birds and reptiles and contributes to the formation of umbilical blood vessels in mammals.

Back 1

allantois

Front 2

Extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals that forms an enclosing, fluid-filled sac.

Back 2

amnion

Front 3

Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell.

Back 3

apoptosis

Front 4

Fluid-filled cavity of a blastula

Back 4

blastocoel

Front 5

Early stage of human embryonic development that consists of a hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells.

Back 5

blastocyst

Front 6

Opening into the primitive gut formed at gastrulation.

Back 6

blastopore

Front 7

Hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells occurring during animal development prior to gastrula formation.

Back 7

blastula

Front 8

Process and developmental stages by which a cell becomes specialized for a particular function.

Back 8

cellular differentiation

Front 9

Extraembryonic membrane functioning for respiratory exchange in birds and reptiles; contributes to placenta formation in mammals.

Back 9

chorion

Front 10

Treelike extension of the chorion of the embryo, projecting into the maternal tissues at the placenta.

Back 10

chorionic villus

Front 11

Cell division without cytoplasmic addition or enlargement; occurs during the first stage of animal development.

Back 11

cleavage

Front 12

Outermost primary tissue layer of an animal embryo; gives rise to the nervous system and the outer layer of the integument.

Back 12

ectoderm

Front 13

Stage of a multicellular organism that develops from a zygote before it becomes free-living; in seed plants, the embryo is part of the seed.

Back 13

embryo

Front 14

During human development, flattened area during gastrulation from which the embryo arises.

Back 14

embryonic disk

Front 15

Period that spans from approximately the second to the eighth week of human development, during which the major organ systems are organized.

Back 15

embryonic period

Front 16

Innermost primary tissue layer of an animal embryo that gives rise to the linings of the digestive tract and associated structures.

Back 16

endoderm

Front 17

Membrane that is not part of the embryo but is necessary to the continued existence and health of the embryo.

Back 17

extraembryonic membrane

Front 18

Diagram that traces the differentiation of cells during development from their origin to their final structure and function.

Back 18

fate map

Front 19

Fusion of sperm and egg nuclei, producing a zygote that develops into a new individual.

Back 19

fertilization

Front 20

Stage of animal development during which the germ layers form, at least in part, by invagination.

Back 20

gastrula

Front 21

Formation of a gastrula from a blastula; characterized by an invagination of the cell layers to form a caplike structure.

Back 21

gastrulation

Front 22

Primary tissue layer of a vertebrate embryo-namely, ectodeerm, mesoderm, or endoderm.

Back 22

germ layer

Front 23

Gray area that appears in an amphibian egg after being fertilized by the sperm; thought to contain chemical signals that turn on the genes that control development.

Back 23

gray crescent

Front 24

180-nucleotide sequence located in all homeotic genes.

Back 24

homeobox

Front 25

Genes that control the overall body plan by controlling the fate of groups of cells during development.

Back 25

homeotic genes

Front 26

Gonadotropic hormone produced by the chorion that functions to maintain the uterine lining.

Back 26

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Front 27

In placental mammals, the embedding of an embryo at the blastocyst stage into the endometrium of the uterus.

Back 27

implantation

Front 28

Ability of a chemical or a tissue to influence the development of another tissue.

Back 28

induction

Front 29

Middle primary tissue layer of an animal embryo that gives rise to muscle, several internal organs, and connective tissue layers.

Back 29

mesoderm

Front 30

Protein that is part of a gradient that influences morphogenesis.

Back 30

morphogen

Front 31

Emergence of shape in tissues, organs, or entire embryo during development.

Back 31

morphogenesis

Front 32

Spherical mass of cells resulting from cleavage during animal development prior to the blastula stage.

Back 32

morula

Front 33

Region of the dorsal surface of the chordate embryo that marks the future location of the neural tube.

Back 33

neural plate

Front 34

Tube formed by closure of the neural groove during devleopment. In vertebrates, the neural tube develops into the spinal cord and brain.

Back 34

neural tube

Front 35

The early embryo during the development of the neural tube from the neural plate, marking the first appearance of the nervous system; the next stage after the gastrula.

Back 35

neurula

Front 36

Cartilaginous-like supportive dorsal rod in all chordates sometime in their life cycle; replaced by verebrae invertebrates.

Back 36

notochord

Front 37

Positioning of cells during devleopment that determines the final shape of an organism.

Back 37

pattern formation

Front 38

Organ formed during the development of placental mammals from the chorion and the uterine wall; allows the embryo, and then the fetus, to acquire nutrients and rid itself of wastes; produces hormones that regulate.

Back 38

placenta

Front 39

Cell that has the full genetic potential of the organism, including the potential to develop into a complete organism.

Back 39

totipotent

Front 40

Outer membrane surrounding the embryo in mammals; when thickened by a layer of mesoderm, it becomes the chorion, an extraembryonic membrane.

Back 40

trophoblast

Front 41

Cord connecting the fetus to the placenta through whch blood vessels pass.

Back 41

umbilical cord

Front 42

One of the extraembryonic membranes that, in shelled vertebrates, contains yolk for the nourishment of the embryo, and in placental mammals is the first site for blood cell formation.

Back 42

yolk sac