Mader 09 Vocabulary

Front 1

anaphase

Back 1

Mitotic phase during which daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle.

Front 2

angiogenesis

Back 2

Formation of new blood vessels; one mechanism by which cancer spreads.

Front 3

apoptosis

Back 3

Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell

Front 4

asexual reproduction

Back 4

Reproduction that requires only one parent and does not involve gametes.

Front 5

aster

Back 5

Short, radiating fibers produced by the centrosomes on animal cells.

Front 6

benign

Back 6

Mass of cells derived from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division but has remained at the site of origin.

Front 7

binary fission

Back 7

Splitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells; serves as an asexual form of reproduction in bacteria.

Front 8

cancer

Back 8

Malignant tumor whose nondifferentiated cells exhibit loss of contact inhibition, uncontrolled growth, and the ability to invade tissue and metastasize.

Front 9

carcinogenesis

Back 9

Development of cancer.

Front 10

cell cycle

Back 10

Repeating sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell growth and nuclear division; consists of the stages G1, S, G2, and M.

Front 11

cell plate

Back 11

Structure across a dividing plant cell that signals the location of new plasma membranes and cell walls.

Front 12

centriole

Back 12

Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division.

Front 13

centromere

Back 13

Constriction where sister chromatids of a chromosome are held together.

Front 14

centrosome

Back 14

Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles.

Front 15

chromatid

Back 15

Before nuclear division takes place, DNA replicates, duplicating the chromosomes in the parent cell. Each chromosome now had two identical double helix molecultes; each double helix is a c________, and the two identical c_________ are called sister c_________.

Front 16

chromatin

Back 16

Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing.

Front 17

cyclin

Back 17

Protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses; combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle.

Front 18

cytokinesis

Back 18

Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis and meiosis.

Front 19

diploid (2n) number

Back 19

Cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present.

Front 20

growth factor

Back 20

G_____ f______ are external signals received at the plasma membrane. Even cells arrested in G0 will finish the cell cycle if stimulated to do so by g_____ f______.

Front 21

haploid (n) number

Back 21

Cell condition in which only one of each type of chromosome is present.

Front 22

interphase

Back 22

Stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2) during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing.

Front 23

kinetochore

Back 23

Disk-shaped structure within the centromere of a chromosome to which spindle microtubules become attached during mitosis and meiosis.

Front 24

leukemia

Back 24

Cancer of the blood-forming tissues leading to the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

Front 25

malignant

Back 25

The power to threaten life; cancerous.

Front 26

metaphase

Back 26

Mitotic phase during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate.

Front 27

metaphase plate

Back 27

A disk formed during metaphase in which all of a cell's chromosomes lie in a single plane at right angles to the spindle fibers.

Front 28

metastasis

Back 28

Spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body; caused by the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues.

Front 29

mitosis

Back 29

Process in which a parent nucleus produces two daughter nuclei, each having the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

Front 30

neoplasm

Back 30

Any new and abnormal growth of tissue in which the growth is uncontrolled and progressive.

Front 31

nucleoid

Back 31

Region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope.

Front 32

oncogene

Back 32

Cancer-causing gene.

Front 33

p53 (gene)

Back 33

For control of cell division the p53 gene halts the cell cycle when DNA mutates and is in need of repair.

Front 34

prometaphase

Back 34

Phase of mitosis which generally begins with the disintegration of the nuclear membrane.

Front 35

prophase

Back 35

Mitotic phase during which chromatin condenses so that chromosomes appear; chromosomes are scattered.

Front 36

proto-oncogene

Back 36

Normal gene that can become an oncogene through mutation.

Front 37

reproductive cloning

Back 37

Genetically identical to the original individual.

Front 38

signal

Back 38

A molecule that stimulates or inhibits a metabolic event.

Front 39

sister chromatid

Back 39

One of two genetically identical chromosomal units that are the result of DNA replication and are attached to each other at the centromere.

Front 40

somatic cell

Back 40

Body cell; excludes cells that underego meiosis and become sperm or egg.

Front 41

spindle

Back 41

Microtubule structure that brings about chromosomal movement during nuclear division.

Front 42

telomere

Back 42

Tip of the end of a chromosome that shortens with each cell division and may thereby regulate the number of times a cell can divide.

Front 43

telophase

Back 43

Mitotic phase during which daughter cells are located at each pole.

Front 44

therapeutic cloning

Back 44

Used to create mature cells of various cell types. Also, used to learn about specialization of cells and provide cells and tissue to treat human illnesses.

Front 45

tumor

Back 45

Cells derived from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division; benign tumors remain at the site of origin, while malignant tumors metastasize.

Front 46

tumor suppressor gene

Back 46

Gene that codes for a protein that ordinarily suppresses cell division; inactivity can lead to a tumor.