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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the four main groups of biological macromolecules?
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1) Nucleic acids & polynucleotides 2) amino acids and proteins 3) lipids
4) carbohydrates |
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Found in the nucleus of every cell, building blocks from which every organism is built, gene information, & can act as receptors for drug molecules.
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Nucleic acids
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Double helix structure
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
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Combination of 1 phosphate, 1 deoxyribose sugar & 1 DNA base or you could say they are made from nucleosides.
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Nucleotide
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This group includes: AMP, GMP, CMP, TMP?
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Nucleotide
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Combination of 1 deoxyribose sugar & 1 DNA base.
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Nucleoside
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This group includes: Adenosine, Guanosine, Cytosine &Thymidine
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Nucleoside
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What type of bond connects the 3'-ribose carbon atom of one nucleotide and the 5'-ribose carbon atom of the next nucleotide?
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Phosphodiester bond
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What are the 4 DNA bases?
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Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine & Thymine
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DNA can be described as having a: ring/linear/biphasic strand.
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Linear
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Hydrogen bonding patterns of DNA are based on hydrophobic/hydrophilic forces?
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Hydrophobic
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Which bases are paired together and how many H bonds do they share?(adenine,guanine, cytosine, thymine)
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Adenine & Thymine 2 H bonds
Guanine & Cytosine 3 H bonds |
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Of the DNA bases, which are purines, describe purines.
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Adenine and Guanine, A six membered N ring fused to a five membered N ring
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Of the DNA bases, which are pyrimidines, describe pyrimidines.
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Thymine and Cytosine, a single six membered N ring
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DNA/RNA stays in the nucleus and is rearely in the open state?
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DNA
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How many pairs of genes together make a human genome?
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23
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DNA/RNA encodes DNA/RNA.
DNA/RNA encodes protein. |
DNA>RNA
RNA |
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Process of synthesizing RNA from DNA =
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Transcription
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Process of synthesizing protein from RNA =
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Translation
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A sequence of three DNA bases =
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Codon
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A______ is translated into an amino acid.
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Codon
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Linear combinations of _______ form proteins.
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Amino Acids
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The entire set of genes for an organism =
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Genome
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What patient types is the DNA open (cell replication is rapidly occuring)?
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First trimester pregnancy and children
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What type of drugs work by catching DNA in the open state and block synthesis or transcription?
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Cancer drugs/antineoplastic agents & antiviral medications
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DNA/RNA floats in and out of the nucleus.
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RNA
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What are the bases of RNA?
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Adenine, guanine, cytosine & uracil
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What are the 4 types of RNA?
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Messenger, Ribosomal, Transfer and Mitochondrial
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Which type of RNA is not involved in protein construction?
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Mitochondrial
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Which RNA matches the code on the messenger and brings in the amino acid?
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Transfer
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This type of RNA utilizes the site outside of the nucleus for protein synthesis (or the joining of amino acids to create a protein).
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Ribosomal
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This type of RNA reads the open DNA.
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Messenger
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The specific order of amino acids joined together is determined by the what?
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The DNA sequence of codons
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In making proteins, 2 amino acids are joined together by a _______ bond.
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Peptide
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The carboxylic acid of one residue and the amino group of the next residue, results in a condensation that forms an amide linkage known as a:
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Peptide bond
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Describe the subgroups that amino acids can be divided into.
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Essential & Nonessential
Polar (charged/uncharged) & Neutral |
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The linear sequence of amino acids that is used to make a protein is its primary/secondary/tertiary structure?
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Primary Structure
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In describing amino acids, what structure is described as an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet?
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Secondary Structure
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A peptide bond has a _____ structure.
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Planar
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The residue side chains are not normally involved in creating the _______ structure of a protein.
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Secondary
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The combination of alpha helix and beta sheets and the way they pack together define (tertiary/quaternary) structure of a protein?
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Tertiary
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The arrangement of separate protein domains with respect to each other in space determines the proteins (tertiary/quaternary) structure?
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Quaternary
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An amino acid that has not reached full protein status would be called (oligopeptide/polypeptide).
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Oligopeptide
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Large proteins or amino acids that have reached protein status would be called (oligopeptide/polypeptide).
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Polypeptide
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Stereospecificity plays part in what type of amino acid structure, the most common?
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Tertiary
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Hemoglobin is an example of what type of protein structure?
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Quaternary
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What function of proteins transmits messages from a chemical signal to another portion of the cell.
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Regulation
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When a drug is developed, what determines how it will react upon a cell?
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Distribution of regulatory proteins (receptors) within the tissue
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Where does a primary messenger act?
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On the outside of the cell
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Where does a secondary messenger act?
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On the inside of the cell
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Name examples of regulatory proteins.
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GPCR, ion channels, Nuclear hormone receptors & tyrosine kinases
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How many transmembrane units does a GPCR have?
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Seven
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Where are GPCR dominant?
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Nerve tissue
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A ___ in the nerve tissue can be called a neurotransmitter and the G protein, intracellularyly, can be called a _____ messenger.
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Ligand
second |
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Name examples of neurotransmitters (ligands in the nervous system).
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Serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine & GABA
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Where are ion channels located and what do they regulate?
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Ion channels are located within the cell membrane and regulate the entry or exit of ions from one side of cell membrane to the other
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Name cations or anions that pass through ion channels.
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Potassium, sodium, calcium & chloride
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What drives chloride into the cell?
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Concentration
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Hormones and vitamin D exert their effects by which type of regulatory protein?
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Nuclear hormone receptors
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Are nuclear receptors membrane bound?
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No
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Which regulatory protein floats intracellularly and when bound by the ligand phosphorylates a secondaryprotein into action?
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Tyrosine kinase
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Name examples of transport proteins.
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neurotransmitter reuptake pumps, amino acid transporters, efflux pumps and chaperone proteins
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What functions do proteins provide?
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Regulation, transportation, structure, enzyme action,
antibody function, intracellular signaling |
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The function of these proteins is to move a chemical substance from one place in the cell to another.
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Transport proteins
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This type of transport protein is located presynaptically and is responsible for removing excess neurontransmitter from the synapse.
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Neurotransmitter reuptake pump
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This type of transport protein is located within the cellular membrane to discard molecules that are unwanted.
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Efflux pumps
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Efflux pumps effect the onset/peak/duration/metabolism/excretion of a drug?
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Duration
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A structural protein that forms fibers during cell division to assist in pulling the chromosomes apart between the two forming daughter cells.
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Tubulin
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Name two drugs that inhibit tubulin.
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Taxol and colchicine
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A protein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction.
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Enzyme
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This protein accelerates a chemical reaction without entering into the reaction and they are reaction specific.
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Enzyme
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What do enzymes bring that allow a reaction to take place?
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Substrates
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What extremes may destroy enzymes?
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Temperature, PH, radiation exposure, exposure to heavy metals or salts, dehydration
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What enzyme inhibitors do we as SCRNA's use daily?
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Neostigmine, Edrophonium
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These proteins are essential to our immune response?
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Antibodies
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During ABO-Rh testing, the patients red cells are tested with serum known to have what?
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Antibodies against A and against B to determine blood type and then tested with anti-D antibodies to determine Rh - or +
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If a parturient patient is B-, will she need Rhogam after the delivery? Why?
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Yes, to protect future fetus' from the wrath of mom's antibodies if that fetus is Rh+ and mom was somehow exposed to baby's blood
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What happens when an A+ patient receives B+ blood?
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Hemolysis ensues, the basement membrane of the kidneys becomes 'clogged'
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What are two types of signal proteins?
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Hormones and cytokines
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Are signal proteins fast/slow?
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Slow
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Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules that are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.
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Lipids
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What are cellular functions of lipids?
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Structure
Store energy Building blocks of hormones, vitamins and cellular receptors |
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Alkyl chain with a carboxylic acid on one end describes what?
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Fatty acid
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The most common fatty acids in humans have how many carbon atoms?
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16,18, 20
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What does it mean to be an unsaturated fatty acid?
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A fatty acid with at least one double bond in its structure (usually a cis)
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Which side of a fatty acid allows it to be a barrier against water?
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Alkyl side due to its non polar hydrophobic characteristics
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An arachidonic acid is saturated or unsaturated? And is the precursor to what other macromolecules in the body?
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Unsaturated
Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes & 5-HPETE and leukotrienes |
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What are 5 classes of fats?
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Eicosanoids, triacylglycerols,phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol
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Are eicosanoids saturated/unsaturated?
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Unsaturated
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What are the 3 major types of prostaglandins?
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PGA, PGE, PGF
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What agents decrease prostaglandin release?
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NSAIDS
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MATCH
Prostaglandins - linear Thromboxanes - 6 sided ring Leukotrienes - 5 sided ring |
Prostaglandins - 5 sided ring
Thromboxanes - 6 sided ring Leukotrienes - linear |
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Name some functions of Prostaglandins.
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Inflammatory response, vasodilation, inhibit platelet aggregation
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Name some functions of Thromboxanes.
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Promote clotting and platelet aggregation
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Name some functions of 5-HPETE's & Leukotrienes.
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Contraction of smooth muscle, constriction of the trachea and modulation of immune response
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A simple triple alcohol, when bonded with acid end of a fatty acid, it forms three esters.
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Triacylglycerol
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Where are triacylglycerols formed? Stored?
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Adipocytes
Adipocytes |
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What is a triglyceride?
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A tricylglycerol with three fatty acids that are identical
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A glycerol that is esterfied to two fatty acids and one phosphate group?
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Phospholipid
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At physiologic PH, what happens to the phosphate group of the phospholipid?
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It will be in its ionized (anionic) form
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What are the two uses of phospholipids in anesthesia?
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Drugs that cross the BBB and can get to the fetus, and surfactant
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Describe the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane.
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The outer, polar, phosphate head interacts freely with water while the nonpolar tails are impermeable water.
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How do we obtain sphingolipids?
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Our body makes them
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Aliphatic, pentacyclic with a hydroxyl group A ring, and an alkane D ring describes what kind of structure?
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Cholesterol
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Cholesterol is a vital component of cellular membrane especially where?
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Brain and nervous tissue
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What is cholesterol a precursor of?
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Bile acids, testosterone, estradiol, Vit. D, cortisone and cortisol....
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What are the steroid based muscle relaxants?
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Pavulon, Vecuronium, Rocuronium
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What are the functions of carbohydrates?
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Source of energy
Cellular recognition Structural support Attached to proteins and lipids |
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CnH2nOn =
1C + 2H + 1O atom |
Carbohydrate
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The names of most carbohydrates end in what?
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ose
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What are the 3 major groups of carbohydrates based on covalent bonds?
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Monosaccharides oligosaccharides polysaccharides
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Glyceraldehydes are important molecules involved in what process?
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Glycolysis, the process of converting glucose into ATP or energy
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The two classes of monosaccharides based on # of Carbons?
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Pentoses 5 carbons
Hexoses 6 carbons |
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The two classes of monosaccharides based on functional group?
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Ketoses ketone group
Aldoses aldehyde group |
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What type of structure do monosaccharides conform to?
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Linear or cyclic
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What are two sugars that are contained in the nucleotides of RNA and DNA?
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Ribose and Deoxyribose
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A saccharide that contains 2-10 monosaccharides?
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Oligosaccharide
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A saccharide that contains >10 monosaccharides?
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Polysaccharide
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How many molecules of ATP are synthesized from one molecule of glucose?
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38
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What is the storage form of glucose?
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Glycogen
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What is the main structural component of a cell membrane?
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Phospholipid bilayer
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Name some glycoproteins (a protein that contains carbohydrates).
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GABA, serotonin receptors
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What is the function of the Carbohydrate portion of the glycoprotein?
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Cellular recognition
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Lipids/Carbohydrates assist in the support of the bacterial cell wall.
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Carbohydrates
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What are carbohydrates metabolized by?
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Oxidative phosphorylation via Krebs Cycle
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How many atoms of Oxygen does it take to metabolize a monosaccharide?
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12
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Brain and RBC's use what for energy?
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Glucose
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What is necessary for glucose to cross the membrane, when a carbohydrate is not available?
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Insulin
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Antibiotics work by inhibiting synthesis of what?
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Bacterial cell wall (carbohydrate structure)
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Cellulose and chitin are associated with structural support of what?
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Plants and insects
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Name drugs that are carbohydrate based.
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Heparin, mycin antibiotics, PCN, antivirals, anti-diabetic agents...
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