Macionis Society: The Basics Chapter 5

Front 1

Social Group

Back 1

two of more people who identify and interact with one another

Front 2

Primary Group

Back 2

a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships (family, close friends)

Front 3

Secondary Group

Back 3

a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity (college class, corporation)

Front 4

Instrumental Leadership

Back 4

group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks

Front 5

Expressive Leadership

Back 5

group leadership that focuses on the group's well-being

Front 6

Groupthink

Back 6

the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue

Front 7

Reference Group

Back 7

a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions

Front 8

In-group

Back 8

a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty

Front 9

Out-group

Back 9

a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition of opposition

Front 10

Dyad

Back 10

a social group with two members

Front 11

Triad

Back 11

a social group with three members

Front 12

Network

Back 12

a web of weak social ties

Front 13

Formal Organization

Back 13

a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently

Front 14

Tradition

Back 14

values and beliefs passed from generation to generation

Front 15

Rationality

Back 15

a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task

Front 16

Rationalization of Society

Back 16

Weber's term for the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main mode of human thought

Front 17

Utilitarian Organizations

Back 17

pay people for their efforts (business, government)

Front 18

Normative Organizations

Back 18

have goals people consider worthwhile (voluntary associations)

Front 19

Coercive Organizations

Back 19

organizations people are forced to join (prisons, mental hospitals)

Front 20

Bureaucracy

Back 20

an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

Front 21

Organizational Environment

Back 21

factors outside an organization that affect its operation

Front 22

Bureaucratic Ritualism

Back 22

a focus on rules and regulations to the point of interfering with an organization's goals

Front 23

Bureaucratic Inertia

Back 23

the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves

Front 24

Oligarchy

Back 24

the rule of the many by the few

Front 25

Scientific Management

Back 25

Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization