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232 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lithium: Superclass
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Mood Stabilizer
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Lithium: Mechanism
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unknown. possibly PLC cascade and/or neuroprotection
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Lithium: Class Side Effects
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1. tremor
2. N/V 3. diarrhea 4. nephrogenic DI 5. kidney damage 6. birth defects (Ebstein's anomaly) 7. CV condutction system issues 8. metabolic disturbances |
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Lithium: Class interactions/other info
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Diuretics; TINY THERAPUTIC WINDOW
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Lithium: Class Indications
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1. bipolar disorder
2. schizophrenia (augmentation treatment) |
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Mood stabilizing anticonvulsants: superclass
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Mood Stabilizers
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Mood stabilizing anticonvulsants: Class indications
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bipolar disorder
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Valproate: Drug class
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Mood stabilizing anticonvulsants in the mood stabilizer category
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Valproate: Drug side effects
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1. GI upset
2. tremor 3. sedation 4. weight gain 5. liver toxicity in young children 6. contraindicated in pregnancy |
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Valproate: Drug indications
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rapid-cycling or mixed variant, or in combination with Li
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Valproate: Drug interactions
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1. aspirin (decreases metabolism --> higher levels)
2. carbamazepine & phenytoin (P450 induction) |
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Valproate: other info
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protein binding saturates. Elderly pts have higher free fraction (so same blood level will have more active drug)
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Carbamazepine: drug class
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mood stabilizing anticonvulsants in the mood stabilizer category
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Carbamazepine: drug side effects
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1. GI upset
2. sedation 3. ataxia 4. dizziness 5. diplopia 6. SIADH |
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Carbamazepine: drug interactions
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1. valproate & antipsychotics (P450 induction)
2. oral contraceptives (may decrease efficacy) |
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Carbamazepine: drug other info
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autoinduces its own metabolism (steady-state levels will fall over time)
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Lamotrigine: drug class
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mood stabilizing anticonvulsants in the mood stabilizer category
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Lamotrigine: drug side effects
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Stevens-Johnson syndrome
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Lamotrigine: Drug indications
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depressed phase
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Lamotrigine: drug interactions
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other anticonvulsants
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Lamotrigine: drug other info
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some autoinduction (not as much as CBZ)
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Atypical Antipsychotics: drug class
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Mood stabilizer
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Atypical Antipsychotics: mechanism
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1. block dopamine (D2) receptors and 5-HT receptors
2. blockade of 5-HT cancels out some extrapyramidal side effects of D2 blockade |
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Atypical Antipsychotics: class side effects
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1. weight gain
2. glucose & lipid metabolism problems 3. fewer movement disorder SE than typical antipsychotics |
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Atypical Antipsychotics: class indications
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bipolar disorder (acute episodes of mania, in combination with another mood stabilizer when starting therapy)
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First-generation (neuroleptic or typical) antipsychotics: superclass
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Antipsychotics
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First-generation (neuroleptic or typical) antipsychotics: Mechanism
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block dopamine (D2) receptors
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First-generation (neuroleptic or typical) antipsychotics: Class side effects
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1. sedation
2. orthostatic hypotension 3. anticholinergic effects 4. movement disorders: dystonia, akathesia, Parkinsonism 5. rare: neuroleptic malignant syndrome or anticholinergic delirium 6. long-term: tardive dyskniesia high-potency = more movement SE, fewer sedative/orthostat/antichol SE low-potency = fewer movement SE, more sedative/orthostat/antichol SE |
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First-generation (neuroleptic or typical) antipsychotics: Class indications
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schizophrenia
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Haloperidol: drug class
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first-generation (neuroleptic or typical) antipsychotic
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Haloperidol: drug side effects
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High potency side effects: more movement SE, fewer sedative/orthostat/antichol SE
1. sedation 2. orthostatic hypotension 3. anticholinergic effects 4. movement disorders: dystonia, akathesia, Parkinsonism 5. rare: neuroleptic malignant syndrome or anticholinergic delirium 6. long-term: tardive dyskniesia |
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Compazine: drug class
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first-generation (neuroleptic or typical) antipsychotic
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Compazine: drug side effects
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High potency side effects: more movement SE, fewer sedative/orthostat/antichol SE
1. sedation 2. orthostatic hypotension 3. anticholinergic effects 4. movement disorders: dystonia, akathesia, Parkinsonism 5. rare: neuroleptic malignant syndrome or anticholinergic delirium 6. long-term: tardive dyskniesia |
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Compazine (prochlorperazine): drug indications
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mainly used for nausea
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Chlorpromazine: drug class
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first-generation (neuroleptic or typical) antipsychotic
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Chlorpromazine: drug side effects
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low potency: fewer movement SE, more sedative/orthostat/antichol SE
1. sedation 2. orthostatic hypotension 3. anticholinergic effects 4. movement disorders: dystonia, akathesia, Parkinsonism 5. rare: neuroleptic malignant syndrome or anticholinergic delirium 6. long-term: tardive dyskniesia |
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Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics: drug class
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Antipsychotics
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Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics: mechanism
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block dopamine (D2) receptors and 5-HT receptors (blockade of 5-HT cancels out some extrapyramidal side effects of D2 blockade)
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Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics: Class side effects
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1. weight gain
2. glucose & lipid metabolism problems 3. fewer movement disorder SE than typical antipsychotics |
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Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics: Class indications
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1. schizophrenia
2. bipolar disorder (see under bipolar disorder) 3. tourette's |
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Clozapine: drug class
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second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics
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Clozapine: drug side effects
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1. potentially fatal agranulocytosis
2. major weight gain (on par with olanzapine) 3. seizures 4. sedation |
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Clozapine: drug indications
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treatment-refractory schizophrenia
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Clozapine: other info
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requires blood monitoring
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Risperidone: drug class
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second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics
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Risperidone: other info
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"total active moiety" concept: metabolite is also active
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Olanzapine: drug class
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second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics
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Olanzapine: drug side effects
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most problematic in terms of weight gain
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Quetiapine: drug class
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second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics
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Quetiapine: drug side effects
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least amount of movement disorder SE
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Quetiapine: drug indications
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useful in all phases of bipolar disorder & treatment of psychosis in PD
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Quetiapine: drug other info
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relatively short half-life (6 hrs)
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Ziprasidone: drug class
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second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics
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Ziprasidone: drug side effects
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1. mild weight gain
2. QT issues (not usually clinically significant) |
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Ziprasidone: drug other info
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relatively short half-life (5-10 hrs)
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Aripiprazole: Drug class
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second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics
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Aripiprazole: drug side effects
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1. no weight gain
2. very few movement disorder problems |
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Aripiprazole: drug interactions
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levels of this drug may increase greatly in presence of P450 3A4 and/or 2D6 inhibitors
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Aripiprazole: drug other info
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1. partial agonist at D2 and 5HT1a
2. relatively long half-life (active metabolite- 90+ hrs) |
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TCA's: superclass
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antidepressants
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TCAs: mechanism
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inhibition of NE and 5-HT reuptake (secondary > tertiary at NE reuptake)
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TCAs: Class side effects
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1. alpha-1 adrenergic blockade: orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachy, dizziness
2. anticholinergic symptoms: sedation, drowsiness, weight gain, cardiac toxicity (tachycardias) 3. lag between SE and efficacy (weeks) |
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TCAs: class indications
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major depressive disorder (unipolar as monotherapy, psychotic unipolar w/ mood stabilizer)
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Nortriptyline: drug class
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secondary amine TCAs
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Nortriptyline: drug side effects
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Less alpha-1 and anticholinergic SE than tertiary:
1. alpha-1 adrenergic blockade: orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachy, dizziness 2. anticholinergic symptoms: sedation, drowsiness, weight gain, cardiac toxicity (tachycardias) 3. lag between SE and efficacy (weeks) |
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Nortriptyline: other drug info
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1. more effective NE reuptake block than tertiary
2. nortriptyline specifically needs to have plasma levels monitored (ineffective if too high or low) |
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Amitriptyline: drug class
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tertiary amine TCAs
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Amitriptyline: drug side effects
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more alpha-1 and anticholinergic SE than secondary
1. alpha-1 adrenergic blockade: orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachy, dizziness 2. anticholinergic symptoms: sedation, drowsiness, weight gain, cardiac toxicity (tachycardias) 3. lag between SE and efficacy (weeks) |
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MAO Inhibitors: superclass
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Antidepressants
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MAO Inhibitors: Mechanism
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inhibit MAO --> increased levels of 5-HT, NE, DA
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MAO inhibitors: class interactions
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1. dietary tyramine: HTN crisis
2. SSRIs: serotonin syndrome 3. meperidine: mimic of serotonin syndrome 4. oral hypoglycemics: dangerously low glucose 5. sympathomimetics, L-dopa, TCAs, venlaxafine, bupropion: HTN crisis |
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MAO inhibitors: class indications
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major depressive disorder (especially "atypical" types)
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Phenelzine: drug class
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MAO inhibitors in antidepressant category
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Phenelzine: drug other info
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irreversible, non-selective MAOI
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Tranylcypromine: drug class
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MAO inhibitors in antidepressant category
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Tranylcypromine: Drug other info
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irreversible, non-selective MAOI
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Selegiline: drug class
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MAO inhibitors in antidepressant category
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Selegiline: drug other info
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1. irreversible; selective for MAO B at low doses, but loses selectivity at high doses (e.g. from patch)
2. can be given as a patch to avoid first-pass metabolism |
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SSRI's: superclass
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Antidepressants
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SSRI's: mechanism
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relatively specific blockade of 5-HT reuptake, possible downregulation of postsynaptic NE and 5-HT receptors (lag effects)
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SSRI's: Class side effects
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1. GI disturbances: N/V, diarrhea
2. initial increase in anxiety 3. sexual dysfunction 4. less likely to be fatal in OD than TCA or MAOI |
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SSRI's: class interactions
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act as P450 inhibitors
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SSRI's: class indications
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major depressive disorder (unipolar as monotherapy, psychotic unipolar w/ mood stabilizer), anxiety disorders
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Fluoxetine: Drug class
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SSRI's in antidepressant category
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Fluoxetine: Drug interactions
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interacts with P450 2D6 (many TCAs)
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Fluoxetine: Drug other info
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very long half-life (80+ hrs), kinetics NOT first order
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Sertraline: drug class
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SSRI's in antidepressant category
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Sertraline: drug interactions
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less P450 interaactions than fluoxetine
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Citalopram: drug class
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SSRI's in antidepressant category
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Citalopram: drug interactions
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less P450 interactions than fluoxetine
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Paroxetine: drug class
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SSRI's in antidepressant category
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Paroxetine: drug side effects
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mildly anticholinergic
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Paroxetine: Drug interactions
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interacts with P450 2D6 (many TCAs)
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Paroxetine: Drug other info
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kinetics NOT first order
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Fluvoxamine: drug class
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SSRI's in antidepressant category
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Fluvoxamine: drug indications
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OCD
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Fluvoxamine: Drug interactions
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1. strongly inhibits P450 1A2
2. can increase levels of theophylline |
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SNRI's (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors): superclass
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Antidepressants
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SNRI's: mechanism
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inhibit 5-HT and NE reuptake (5-HT > NE)
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SNRI's: class side effects
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mild side effect profile; similar to tertiary amine TCA w/o many of the SE
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SNRI's: class indications
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major depressive disorder (unipolar as monotherapy, psychotic unipolar w/ mood stabilizer)
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Venlafaxine: drug class
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SNRI's in antidepressant category
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Duloxetine: drug class
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SNRI's in antidepressant category
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5-HT2 antagonists: superclass
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Antidepressants
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5-HT2 antagonists: mechanism
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block 5-HT signaling postsynaptically at 5-HT2
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5-HT2 antagonists: class indications
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major depressive disorder (unipolar as monotherapy, psychotic unipolar w/ mood stabilizer)
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Trazodone: drug class
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5-HT2 antagonists in antidepressant category
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Trazodone: drug side effects
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1. very sedating
2. rare potentially irreversible priapism |
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Trazodone: drug indications
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can be used to complement SSRI in depression with severe insomnia. only antidepressant that's actually worse than the others
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Nefazodone: Drug side effects
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less than trazodone, but rare cases of liver failure
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Nefazodone: Drug interactions
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inhibits P450 3A4 system (CBZ, birth control pills)
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Nefazodone: Drug other info
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1. may block serotonin & NE reputake
2. kinetics are NOT first order |
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Buproprion: superclass
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Antidepressants
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Bupropion: mechanism
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unclear dopaminergic effects
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Bupropion: Class side effects
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1. fewer problems with sexual dysfunction & weight gain than SSRIs
2. poses seizure risk (especially in BN and AN) |
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Bupropion: class indications
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1. major depressive disorder (unipolar as monotherapy, psychotic unipolar w/ mood stabilizer)
2. smoking cessation |
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Mirtazapine: superclass
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Antidepressant
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Mirtazapine: mechanism
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1. presynaptic alpha-2 blockade
2. enhanced release of NE and 5-HT 3. blocks 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors |
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Mirtazapine: Class side effects
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1. fewer GI SE than SSRIs
2. weight gain 3. some sedation |
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Mirtazapine: class interactions
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1. metabolized by P450 2D6 and 3A systems
2. half-life longer in females! |
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Mirtazapine: class indications
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major depressive disorder (unipolar as monotherapy, psychotic unipolar w/ mood stabilizer)
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Benzodiazepines: superclass
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Anxiolytics
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Benzodiazepines: mechanism
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1. enhance effectiveness of GABA signaling (increased opening frequency of Cl channel)
2. bind to full BDZ receptor |
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Benzodiazepines: class side effects
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1. potential for addiction
2. interaction with alcohol 3. disinhibition (rare) 4. confusion 5. sedation 6. ataxia 7. falls (especially in elderly) |
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Benzodiazepines: class indication
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1. anxiety disorders
2. symptomatic treatment of anxiety in other conditions |
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Chlordiazepoxide: drug class
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Benzodiazepine in anxiolytics category
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Chlordiazepoxide: Drug other info
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1. intermediate absorption
2. VERY variable half-life (8-100 hrs) |
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Diazepam: drug class
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Benzodiazepine in anxiolytics category
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Diazepam: drug interactions
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metabolized by P450
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Diazepam: drug other info
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1. rapid absorption
2. LONG half life (20-100 hrs) 3. metabolized by P450, so susceptible to changes w/ aging & liver disease |
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Lorazepam: drug class
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Benzodiazepine in anxiolytics category
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Lorazepam: drug interactions
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no P450 metabolism --> fewer drug interactions
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Lorazepam: drug other info
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1. intermediate absorption
2. intermediate half-life (10-24 hrs) 3. metabolized by kidney so no changes w/ aging & liver disease |
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Oxazepam: drug class
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Benzodiazepine in anxiolytics category
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Oxazepam: drug interactions
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no P450 metabolism --> fewer drug interactions
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Oxazepam: drug other info
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no changes w/ aging & liver disease
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Buspirone: superclass
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Anxiolytics
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Buspirone: mechanism
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5-HT1 partial agonist (complex effects post- and pre-synaptically)
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Buspirone: class side effects
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1. delayed efficacy
2. caution when switching between BDZs and buspirone |
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Buspirone: Class interactions
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1. kinetics NOT linear
2. short half-life (2-3 hrs) |
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Buspirone: class indications
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1. anxiety disorders
2. symptomatic treatment of anxiety in other conditions |
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Non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists: superclass
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Soporifics
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Non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists: mechanism
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enhance effectiveness of GABA signaling (increased opening frequency of Cl channel)
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Non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists: class indications
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insomnia
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Zolpidem: drug class
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Non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists in soporifics category
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Zolpidem: drug other info
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1. 2.5 hour half life
2. binds to alpha-1 subunit of BDZ receptor ONLY |
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Zaleplon: drug class
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Non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists in soporifics category
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Zaleplon: drug other info
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1. 1 hour half life
2. binds to alpha-1 subunit of BDZ receptor ONLY |
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Eszopiclone: drug class
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Non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists in soporifics category
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Eszopiclone: drug indication
|
long-term use for insomnia OK
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Eszopiclone: drug other info
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1. rapid absorption
2. 6 hour half life (increases in elderly) 3. binds non-specically to alpha-1 and alpha-2 subunits of BDZ |
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Cholinesterase inhibitors: superclass
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anti-dementia agents
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Cholinesterase inhibitors: mechanism
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boost ACh signaling by preventing degradation of ACh
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Cholinesterase inhibitors: class side effects
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pro-cholinergic effects, I presume
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Cholinesterase inhibitors: class indications
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mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type
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Tacrine: drug class
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Cholinesterase inhibitors in anti-dementia agents category
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Tacrine: drug side effects
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1. intolerable SE
2. liver toxicity |
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Tacrine: drug indications
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NONE- "historical interest only"
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Donezepil: drug class
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Cholinesterase inhibitors in anti-dementia agents category
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Donezepil: drug side effects
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more mild SE than tacrine
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Donezepil: drug interactions
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P450 2D6 and 3D4 metabolism
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Donezepil: drug other info
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long half life (70 h)
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Rivastigmine: drug class
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Cholinesterase inhibitors in anti-dementia agents category
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Rivastigmine: drug interactions
|
no P450 metabolism --> fewer interactions
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Rivastigmine: drug other info
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1. short functional half life (8-12 hrs)
2. available as patch 3. significant first-pass effect (give w/ food) |
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Galantamine: drug class
|
Cholinesterase inhibitors in anti-dementia agents category
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Galantamine: drug other info
|
1. liver + kidney metabolism
2. short half life (7 hrs) |
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Memantine: superclass
|
Anti-dementia agents
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Memantine: mechanism
|
uncompetitive antagonist of NMDA receptor
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Memantine: Class interactions
|
1. VERY LONG half life (60-100 hrs)
2. no P450 interactions |
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Memantine: class indications
|
moderate-to-severe DAT
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Alprazolam
1. Drug class 2. Indications |
1. Benzodiazepine
2. Anxiety disorders |
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Asenapine
1. Drug class 2. Indications |
1. Second-generation (atypical)
2. Acute treatment of mania |
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Atomoxetine
1. Drug class 2. Indications |
1. NRI
2. ADHD, ODD, Conduct disorder |
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Chloropromazine
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Other notes |
1. First-generation (typical)
2. Schizophrenia 3. Low potency |
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Clomipramine
1. Drug class 2. Indications |
1. TCA
2. Depression, OCD |
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Clonazepam
1. Drug class 2. Indications |
1. Benzodiazepine
2. Anxiety disorders |
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Clonidine
1. Drug class 2. Indications |
1. alpha-agonist
2. ADHD, ODD, Conduct disorder |
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Desipramine
1. Drug class |
1. TCA (secondary)
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Desvenlafaxine
1. Drug class |
1. phenethylamine
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Dextroamphetamine
1. Drug class 2. Indications |
1. stimulant
2. ADHD, ODD, conduct disorder, may be useful in PDD |
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Donepezil
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Unique side effects/interactions 4. Other notes |
1. cholinesterase inhibitor
2. DAT 3. metabolized by P450 2D6 and 3A4 4. 70 hour half-life |
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Doxepin
1. Drug class |
1. TCA (tertiary)
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Flumazenil
1. Drug class |
benzodiazepine antagonist
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Fluphenazine
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Other notes |
1. first-generation (typical) antipsychotic (neuroleptic)
2. schizophrenia 3. high potency |
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Guanfacine
1. Drug class 2. Indications |
1. Alpha-agonist
2. ADHD, ODD, conduct disorder |
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Iloperidone
1. Drug class 2. Indications |
1. second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic
2. schizophrenia |
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Imipramine
1. Drug class |
TCA (tertiary)
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Isocarboxazid
1. Drug class 2. Other notes |
1. MAO inhibitor
2. irreversible nonselective MAO inhibitor |
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Loxapine
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Other notes |
1. first-generation (typical) antipsychotic (neuroleptic)
2. schizophrenia 3. mid potency |
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Lurasidone
1. Drug class 3. Indications |
1. second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic
2. schizophrenia |
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Mesoridazine
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Other notes |
1. first-generation (typical) antipsychotic (neuroleptic)
2. schizophrenia 3. low potency |
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Methylphenidate
1. Drug class 2. Indications |
1. stimulant
2. pervasive developmental disorders |
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Mirtazepine
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Unique side effects/interactions 4. Other notes |
1. other antidepressant
2. PTSD 3. less GI side effects than SSRIs; metabolized by P450 2D6 and 3A systems & also cleared by kidney 4. blocks presynaptic alpha-2 receptors --> increased release of NE and 5HT, blocks 5HT2 & 5HT3 receptors |
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Molindone
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Other notes |
1. first-generation (typical) antipsychotic (neuroleptic)
2. schizophrenia 3. mid potency |
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Paliperidone
1. Drug class 2. Indications |
1. second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic
2. schizophrenia |
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Perphenzine
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Other notes |
1. first-generation (typical) antipsychotic (neuroleptic)
2. schizophrenia 3. mid potency |
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Pimozide
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Other notes |
1. first-generation (typical) antipsychotic (neuroleptic)
2. schizophrenia 3. high potency |
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Thioridazine
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Other notes |
1. first-generation (typical) antipsychotic (neuroleptic)
2. schizophrenia 3. low potency |
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Thiothexine
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Other notes |
1. first-generation (typical) antipsychotic (neuroleptic)
2. schizophrenia 3. high potency |
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Trifluoperazine
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Other notes |
1. first-generation (typical) antipsychotic (neuroleptic)
2. schizophrenia 3. high potency |
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Trimipramine
1. Drug class |
1. TCA (tertiary)
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Venlafaxine
1. Drug class 2. Indications 3. Other notes |
1. phenethylamine
2. PTSD 3. similar to tertiary TCA without many of the side effects; blocks 5HT > NE reuptake |
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Nicotine: Sxs of intoxication/overdose
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None
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Nicotine: sxs of dependence
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general DSM-IV pattern of dependence
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Nicotine: sxs of withdrawal
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Rapid onset after last use:
1. irritability 2. restlessness 3. poor concentration 4. increased appetite 5. depression 6. anxiety 7. poor sleep 8. cravings |
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Nicotine: treatment for dependence/withdrawal
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1. nicotine replacement (gums, patches)
2. bupropion 3. varencline |
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Alcohol: sxs of intoxication/overdose
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1. agitation
2. nystagmus 3. uncoordinated speech & ambulation 4. impaired cognitive functioning 5. death in extreme cases |
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Alcohol: sxs of dependence
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general DSM-IV pattern of dependence, blackouts, benders, drinking of non-beverage alcohol
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Alcohol: sxs of withdrawal
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1. Acute (4-8 hrs after last use): tremor, diaphoresis, nausea, headache, diarrhea
2. Alcohol hallucinosis (4-24 hrs after last use): auditory and/or visual hallucinations without disorientation 3. Alcohol withdrawal seizures (12-48 hrs after last use): generalized tonic-clonic seizures 4. delirium tremens (24-72 hrs after last use): delirium, tremors, autonomic instability; rare but very dangerous, can be fatal |
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Alcohol: treatment for dependence/withdrawal
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1. disulfiram
2. naltrexone 3. acamprosate 4. topiramate 5. long-acting benzodiazepines 6. ICU monitoring in severe cases 7. 12-step programs (AA) and social support |
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Opiates: Sxs of intoxication/overdose
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1. small ("pinprick") pupils
2. somnolence 3. uncoordinated gait 4. coma 5. poor respiration 6. death in extreme cases |
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Opiates: sxs of dependence
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general DSM-IV pattern of dependence, with particularly significant tolerance & withdrawal symptoms
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Opiates: sxs of withdrawal
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1. Early (8-12 hrs after last use): restlessness, mydriasis, yawning, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, poor sleep
2. Late (24-48 hrs after last use): N/V, chills, muscle pain, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, tremor, mild tachycardia, HTN |
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Opiates: treatment for intoxication/overdose
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Naloxone
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Opiates: treatment for dependence/withdrawal
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1. long-acting opiate: methadone, buprenorphine
2. clonidine + benzodiazepine + antiemetic |
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Cocaine: Sxs of intoxication/overdose
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1. tachycardia
2. arrhythmias 3. HTN 4. tremor 5. paranoid psychosis 6. overactivity 7. mood elevation and/or irritability 8. death in some cases |
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Cocaine: sxs of dependence
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general DSM-IV pattern of dependence, except that withdrawal syndrome is relatively mild and non-specific; progression of dependence is very rapid
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Cocaine: sxs of withdrawal
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Relatively mild, with non-specific symptoms:
1. poor concentration 2. disrupted sleep patterns, 3. depression 4. appetite change 5. craving 6. restlessness |
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Amphetamines: sxs of intoxication/overdose
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Similar to cocaine:
1. tachycardia 2. arrhythmias 3. HTN 4. tremor 5. paranoid psychosis 6. overactivity 7. mood elevation and/or irritability 8. death in some cases |
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Amphetamines: sxs of dependence
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Similar to cocaine: general DSM-IV pattern of dependence, except that withdrawal syndrome is relatively mild and non-specific; progression of dependence is very rapid
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Amphetamines: sxs of withdrawal
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Similar to cocaine: Relatively mild, with non-specific symptoms:
1. poor concentration 2. disrupted sleep patterns, 3. depression 4. appetite change 5. craving 6. restlessness |
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Cannabis: sxs of intoxication/overdose
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Rare cases of psychosis
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Cannabis: sxs of dependence
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Mild to nonexistent
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Cannabis: sxs of withdrawal
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Relatively mild, with non-specific sxs:
1. sleep disturbance 2. impaired concentration 3. irritability or anxiety 4. cravings |
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Sedatives/hypnotics: sxs of withdrawal
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Identical to those of alcohol:
1. Acute (4-8 hrs after last use): tremor, diaphoresis, nausea, headache, diarrhea 2. Alcohol hallucinosis (4-24 hrs after last use): auditory and/or visual hallucinations without disorientation 3. Alcohol withdrawal seizures (12-48 hrs after last use): generalized tonic-clonic seizures 4. delirium tremens (24-72 hrs after last use): delirium, tremors, autonomic instability; rare but very dangerous, can be fatal |
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Hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, etc): sxs of intoxication/overdose
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1. agitation
2. perceptual distortions 3. frank hallucinations (especially visual) 4. severe anxiety 5. flashbacks (chronic) |
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Hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, etc): sxs of dependence
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tolerance develops very quickly; daily use and dependence are unusual
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Hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, etc): sxs of withdrawal
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none known
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Phencyclidine (PCP): Sxs of intoxication/overdose
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1. nystagmus
2. disinhibition 3. analgesia 4. flushing 5. diaphoresis 6. disorientation 7. disorganized violent attacks 8. may precipitate chronic psychosis |
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Hydrocarbon inhalants: Sxs of intoxication/overdose
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1. short-lived ataxia
2. euphoria 3. hallucinations 4. chronic use may produce neurological damage |
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Hydrocarbon inhalants: sxs of dependence
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full dependence syndrome is unusual, but users may progress to other substances
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