M2-Cx11-L03 --> Hypothalamus Pituitary Physiology

Front 1

GENERAL

- what is the most complex and dominant component of the Endocrine system?

Back 1

- Hypothalamus/Pituitary unit

Front 2

GENERAL

- Hypothalamus/Pituitary unit controls what general physiologies? x6

Back 2

(RG FLAT)

- Reproductive glands
- Growth

- Fluid hemostasis
- Lactation
- Adrenals
- Thyroid

Front 3

GENERAL

- initial hormones from the hypothalamus will be sent to pituitary via what structure?

Back 3

- Pituitary stalk

Front 4

PITUITARY

- Pituitary sits inside what bone structure?

- Pituitary connected to hypothalamus via what?

Back 4

- Selica Turcica

- Pituitary stalk

Front 5

PITUITARY

- Anterior Pituitary originates from what type of tissue?

- Posterior Pituitary originates from what type of tissue?

Back 5

- Epithelium of roof of oral cavity

- Neural tissue

Front 6

PITUITARY

- general size of pituitary?
- diameter of pituitary?

- how may hormones is secreted by the Anterior Pituitary?

- how many hormones are secreted by Posterior Pituitary?

Back 6

- 1 cm
- 0.5 to 1.0 grams

- 6 (or 7 including Beta-LPH))

- 2

Front 7

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- List the 5 cells of the Anterior Pituitary

Back 7

(SL GCT)

- Somatotropes
- Lactotropes

- Gonadotropes
- Corticostropes
- Thyroidotropes

Front 8

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- FSH is secreted by what cell?

- FSH target?

- Hypothalamic stimulator?
- Hypothalamic inhibitor?

Back 8

- Gonadotropes

- Gonads

- GnRH
- nothing

Front 9

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- LH is secreted by what cell?

- LH target?

- Hypothalamic stimulator?
- Hypothalamic inhibitor?

Back 9

- Gonadotropes

- Gonads

- GnRH
- nothing

Front 10

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- ACTH is secreted by what cell?

- ACTH target?

- Hypothalamic stimulator?
- Hypothalamic inhibitor?

Back 10

- Corticotropes

- Adrenal Gland
- Melanocytes

- CRH
- nothing

Front 11

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- TSH is secreted by what cell?

- TSH target?

- Hypothalamic stimulator?
- Hypothalamic inhibitor?

Back 11

- Thyrotropes

- Thyroid

- TRH
- nothing

Front 12

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- Prolactin is secreted by what cell?

- Prolactin target?

- Hypothalamic stimulator?
- Hypothalamic inhibitor?

Back 12

- Lactotropes

- Breasts

- PRH
- PIF (dopamine)

Front 13

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- Growth Hormone (GH) is secreted by what cell?

- GH target?

- Hypothalamic stimulator?
- Hypothalamic inhibitor?

Back 13

- Somatotropes

- All tissues

- GHRH
- GHIH (somatostatin)

Front 14

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- what cell type is the predominant population in anterior pituitary (30-40%)?

- what cell type is the least abundant in the population in anterior pituitary?

Back 14

- Somatotropes
(followed by lactotropes, then corticotropes)

- Thyrotropes

Front 15

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- what cell is the only one to secrete more than 1 type of hormone?

Back 15

- Gonadotropes

(FSH & LH)

Front 16

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- the Anterior Pituitary is under the control of what?

Back 16

- Hypothalamic hormones

Front 17

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- name of the System involved in transporting Hypothalamic hormones to Anterior Pituitary

Back 17

- Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

Front 18

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- Describe the steps involved in getting the hormone from the Hypothalamus to the Anterior pituitary.

Back 18

Hormones are:

- Secreted into Median Eminence

- Absorbed in Portal System

- Carried to Anterior Pituitary

Front 19

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES

- hypothalamic hormones controlling the Anterior pituitary get released in what area?

- hypothalamic hormones controlling the Posterior pituitary get released in what area?

Back 19

- Median eminence / Neural stalk
(portal system)

- Posterior Pituitary
(portal system)

Front 20

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES

- Diffusion of molecules/horrmones is inhibited between the anterior and posterior pituitary except through what sole communication path?

Back 20

- Short Portal Vein

Front 21

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES

- Hormones from the Anterior Pituitary that end up systemic are actually from?

- Hormones from the Posterior Pituitary that end up systemic are actually from?

Back 21

- Tropic hormone-producing cells
(SL GCT)
- Hypothalamus
(via neurohypophysis & short portal vein)

- Hypothalamus

Front 22

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

What hypothalamic hormones stimulate
==> FSH
==> LH
==> ACTH
==> TSH

==> Beta-LPH
==> Prolactin
==> Growth Hormone

Back 22

- GnRH
- GnRH
- CRH
- TRH

- CRH
- PRH
- GHRH

Front 23

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

- what 2 adenohypophysis hormones not only have stimulatory, but also Inhibitory hormones from hypothalamus?

Back 23

- Growth Hormone (GH)

- Prolactin

Front 24

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

- what are the 2 inhibitory hormones?

- what hormones do they inhibit?

Back 24

- GHIH inhibits GH

- PRH inhibits Prolactin

Front 25

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

- GHIH is also called what?

- PIF is also called what?

Back 25

- Somatostatin

- Dopamine

Front 26

grå

Back 26

grey

Front 27

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

- what hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of 2 hormones of the adenohypophysis rather than 1?

Back 27

- GnRH
(FSH & LH)

- CRH
(ACTH & Beta-LPH)

Front 28

HORMONE CONTROL LOOPS

- what type of feedback loop is UNSTABLE?

- what type of feedback loop is STABLE?

Back 28

- Positive
(no baseline b/c too much or too little)

- Negative

Front 29

HORMONE CONTROL LOOPS

- for POS. Feedback loops, what happens to concentration of Y if there is more Y?

- for POS. Feedback loops, what happens to concentration of Y if there is less Y (eliminated)?

Back 29

- increases too much

- decreases too little

Front 30

HORMONE CONTROL LOOPS

- for NEG. Feedback loops, what happens to concentration of Y if there is more Y?

- for NEG. Feedback loops, what happens to concentration of Y if there is less Y (eliminated)?

Back 30

- decreases to baseline

- increases to baseline

Front 31

HORMONE CONTROL LOOPS

- whenever Positive Feedback loops are seen in the body, it is usually accompanied by what other mechanism?

Back 31

- Negative Feedback loop

Front 32

HORMONE CONTROL LOOPS

- what are the 3 types of Negative Feedback Loops seen in the HPA?

Back 32

- Long Loop

- Short Loop

- Ultra Short Loop

Front 33

FEEDBACK LOOPS

- describe the pathway for the Long Feedback Loop

Back 33

1.) Hypothalamus secretes XRH

2.) XRH stimulates Pituitary release of XTH

3.) XTH stimulates Peripheral gland hormone X

4.) Peripheral gland hormone X will either
(a) inhibit Pituitary release of XTH
or
(b) stimulate Hypothalamic release of XIH, which will inhibit Pituitary release of XTH

Front 34

FEEDBACK LOOPS

- describe the pathway for the Short Feedback Loop

Back 34

1.) Hypothalamic release of XRH

2.) XRH stimulates Pituitary secretion of XTH

3.) XTH inhibits Hypothalamus release of XRH

Front 35

FEEDBACK LOOPS

- describe the pathway for the Ultra Short Feedback loop

Back 35

1.) Hypothalamus secretes XRH

2.) XRH comes back and inhibits Hypothalamus release of itself

Front 36

FEEDBACK LOOPS

- which negative feedback loop ONLY involves Hypothalamic hormones?

- which negative feedback loop involves Hypothalamic and Tropic hormones?

- which negative feedback loop involves Hypothalamic, Tropic, and Gland hormones?

- which negative feedback look involves an INHIBITORY Hormone?

Back 36

- Ultra Short Loop

- Short Loop

- Long Loop

- Long Loop

Front 37

FEEDBACK LOOPS

- the Long Feedback Loop can have Inhibitory Negative Feedback on?

Back 37

- Hypothalamus

or

- Pituitary
(either directly or indirectly with XIH)

Front 38

FEEDBACK LOOPS

- which Feedback loop involves Stimulus inhibition?

Back 38

- Long Feedback Loop

(stimulation of hypothalamic XIH release to inhibit pituitary XTH)

Front 39

FEEDBACK LOOPS

- what are the 3 ways the Hypothalamic secretion of XRH can be inhibited via Neg. Feedback Loop?

Back 39

(Ultra Short) - Hypothalamic XRH inhibits itself

(Short) - Pituitary (Tropic) XTH inhibits XRH

(Long) - Gland hormone X inhibits XRH

Front 40

HORMONE RECEPTOR PATHWAY

- what are 3 ways that a hormone interacts with a Receptor?

Back 40

via:

- Membrane Receptor
- Membrane Receptor + G Protein

- Nuclear Receptor via diffusion
(no membrane receptor involved)

Front 41

HORMONE RECEPTOR PATHWAY

- Hormone interaction with just a Membrane Receptor usually increases what levels?

Back 41

- cGMP

- Tyrosine Kinase

Front 42

HORMONE RECEPTOR PATHWAY

- Hormone interaction with a Membrane Receptor coupled with a G Protein usually increases what levels?

Back 42

- cAMP

- Ca2+ Calmodulin

- Phospholipid Metabolism

Front 43

HORMONE RECEPTOR PATHWAY

- Hormone interaction with Nuclear Receptors usually increase what levels?

Back 43

- Protein synthesis

Front 44

GROWTH HORMONE

- what is the general effect of Growth Hormones?

Back 44

- promote growth by increasing size and numbers of cells

Front 45

GROWTH HORMONE

- GH affects proteins how?

Back 45

- Protein deposition in tissues

(enhances AA tranport)
(increases RNA & Protein synthesis)
(decreases Protein breakdown)

Front 46

GROWTH HORMONE

- GH affects Fat utilization how??

Back 46

- Fat utilization for Energy

(release of FA from adipose)
(enhance conversion of FA to Acetyl-CoA or Ketoacids)

Front 47

GROWTH HORMONE

- GH affects Carbohydrates how?

Back 47

(PED PFC)

- Carb utilization

(Increase Glucose uptake by liver)
(increase Insulin secretion)
(Decrease Glucose uptake by muscle/fat)

Front 48

GROWTH HORMONE

- what are the Metabolic Effects of GH? x4

Back 48

(CPA = D A SK)

- Diabetogenic effect

- Anabolic effect

- Sparing of Protein
- Ketogenic effect

Front 49

GROWTH HORMONE

- EXCESSIVE GH leads to what effect on fat untilization?

Back 49

- Ketogenic effect

Front 50

GROWTH HORMONE

- how does GH cause a Diabetogenic effect?

Back 50

(due to excessive GH)

- GH-induced Insulin resistance

Front 51

GROWTH HORMONE

- GH comes from where?

Back 51

- Pituitary Somatotropes

Front 52

GROWTH HORMONE

- excessive GH leading to a GH-induced Insulin Resistance is often associated with which Dz?

Back 52

- Type 2 DM

Front 53

GROWTH HORMONE

- GH effects on skeleton?

Back 53

- stimulates Cartilage growth

- stimulates Bone growth

Front 54

GROWTH HORMONE

- GH requires what 2 things to have an effect?

Back 54

- Carbohydrates

- Insulin

Front 55

GROWTH HORMONE

- GH exerts most of its effect through?

Back 55

- IGFs

(somatomedins)

Front 56

GROWTH HORMONE

- another name for IGF is?

Back 56

- SomatoMEDINS

Front 57

GROWTH HORMONE

- what is the most important Somatomedin?

- what is the most important IGF?

Back 57

somatomedin C

(same as)

IGF - I

Front 58

GROWTH HORMONE

- what are the mechanisms affected by GH in Adipose Tissue? x2

- thus the resulting effect is what?

Back 58

(LG)
- Increased Lipolysis
- Decreased Glucose Uptake

(thus)

- Decreased Adiposity

Front 59

GROWTH HORMONE

- what are the mechanisms affected by GH in the Liver? x4

Back 59

INCREASED: (RPG'S)

- RNA / Protein Synthesis

- Glucose Synthesis / Storage

- Somatomedins

Front 60

GROWTH HORMONE

- what are the mechanisms affected by GH in the Muscle? x3

- thus the resulting effect is what?

Back 60

(PGA)
- Increased Protein synthesis
- Decreased Glucose Uptake
- Increased Amino Acid Uptake

- Increased Lean Body Mass

Front 61

GROWTH HORMONE

- what is the effect of Somatomedins on cellular mechanisms? x5

Back 61

Increased Synthesis of
- DNA
- RNA
- Protein

Increased Cellular
- Size
- Number

Front 62

GROWTH HORMONE

- what are the Gross effects of Somatomedins (induced by GH) on the body? x3

Back 62

INCREASE
- Linear Growth
- Organ Size
- Organ Function

(organs include Visceral organs, Heart, Lung, Bone, etc)

Front 63

GROWTH HORMONE

- GH effects on Adiposity?
- GH effects on Lean Body Mass?

Back 63

- decreases Adiposity

- increases Lean Body Mass

Front 64

GROWTH HORMONE

- Somatomedins are produced where?

Back 64

- Liver

Front 65

GROWTH HORMONE

- from Birth, GH will steadily rise, then SPIKE to a PEAK when?

- during one's life, the 1st TWO FOLD DECREASE occurs when?

- during one's life, the 2nd TWO FOLD DECREASE occurs when?

Back 65

- Puberty

- Puberty to Adult

- Adult to Senescence

Front 66

GROWTH HORMONE

- what is the only major mechanism that is decreased with GH?

Back 66

- decreased Glucose Uptake

(in Adipose and Muscles)
(not in liver)

Front 67

GROWTH HORMONE

- which gender experiences the first Peak Spike of GH at puberty?

Back 67

- Girls (@ 12)

- Boys (@14)

Front 68

GROWTH HORMONE

- Enhanced GH secretion can be caused by what 2 daily activities?

Back 68

- Strenuous Exercise

- First few hours of Deep Sleep
(phase II & IV)

Front 69

GROWTH HORMONE

- GH circulating half-life is?

- Somatomedin C half life is?

Back 69

20 minutes

20 hours

Front 70

GROWTH HORMONE

- why does Somatomedin C have a longer half life?

Back 70

- due to the fact it binds to the stable Plasma Protein Carrier

Front 71

GROWTH HORMONE

- GH secretion is Enhanced during what phases of sleep?

Back 71

(first few hours of DEEP SLEEP)

- phase 2
- phase 4

Front 72

GROWTH HORMONE

- what factors would stimulate GH secretion? x10

Back 72

(EGG & FASTED states)

- Estrogen/Testosterone
- GHRH
- Glucose Decrease

- FFA Decrease
- Amino Acid Increase
- Starvation (Fasting)
- Trauma/Excitement/Stress
- Exercise
- Deep Sleep (stage 2 & 4)

Front 73

GROWTH HORMONE

- what factors would inhibit GH secretion? x7

Back 73

(FAG MESS inhibits Growth)

- FFA increase
- Aging
- Glucose increase

- Morbid obesity
- Exogenous GH
- SomatoMedins (IGF)
- SomatoStatins (GHIH)

Front 74

DIETARY REGULATION

PROTEIN effects on :
- GH
- SomatoMedins
- Insulin

Back 74

- increase

- increase

- increase

Front 75

DIETARY REGULATION

CARB intake effects on :
- GH
- SomatoMedins
- Insulin

Back 75

- decrease

- BOTH

- increase

Front 76

DIETARY REGULATION

FASTING effects on :
- GH
- SomatoMedins
- Insulin

Back 76

- increase

- decrease (b/c insulin effects >> GH)

- decrease

Front 77

DIETARY REGULATION

PROTEIN intake effects on:
- Somatomedin? and Why?

Thus, what effect on:
- Protein synthesis?
- Growth?

Back 77

- Increased

- Synergistic effects of increased GH and increased Insulin

- Increase
- Increase

Front 78

DIETARY REGULATION

CARB intake effects on:
- Somatomedin? and Why?

Thus, what effect on:
- Protein synthesis?
- Growth?

Back 78

- BOTH (thus offset)

- Antagonistic effects of decreased GH and increased Insulin

- BOTH (thus offset)
- BOTH (thus offset)

Front 79

DIETARY REGULATION

FASTING/STARVATION effects on:
- Somatomedin? and Why?

Thus, what effect on:
- Protein synthesis?
- Growth?

Back 79

- Decreases it

- Antagonistic effects of Decreased Insulin is >> than Increased GH

- Decreased
- Decreased

Front 80

DIETARY REGULATION

How does Caloric Storage get affected with:
- Protein intake?
- Carb intake?
- Starvation/Fasting?

Back 80

- Both incr. and decr. (thus OFFSET)

- Increase Caloric Storage

- Increase Caloric MOBILIZATION

Front 81

Back 81

Front 82

Back 82

Front 83

Back 83