M2-C9-L13 --> Respiration Regulation

Front 1

NERVOUS SYSTEM

- Nervous system normal-adjusts what?

Back 1

- Rate of Alveolar Ventilation

Front 2

NERVOUS SYSTEM

- Nervous system normal-adjusts the Rate of Alveolar Ventilation almost exactly to meet what?

- such that what pressures are affected? x2

- affected how? x2

Back 2

- demands of body

- arterial blood O2 Pressure
- arterial blood CO2 Pressure

(such that above pressures are)

HARDLY ALTERED even during
- mod. to strenuous exercise
- most other types of resp. stress

Front 3

RESPIRATORY CENTER

- located where in the brain?

- respiratory pathways come UP from body via? x2

Back 3

- medulla

- Vagus nerve
- Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 4

RESPIRATORY CENTER

- Ventral Respiratory center is responsible for what breathing command(s)?

- what about Dorsal Respiratory center?

Back 4

- Inspiration (some)
- Expiration

- Inspiration

Front 5

RESPIRATORY CENTER

- what center sends down Inhibitory signals?

- above center located where?

Back 5

- Pneumotaxic center

- 4th Ventricle

Front 6

RESPIRATORY CENTER

- what center is between the Pneumotaxic center and the Respiratory groups?

- what is the above center's function?

Back 6

- Apneustic center

- who the fuck know you ambiguously gay duo

Front 7

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

- all or most of the neurons are located in the nucleus of what?

Back 7

- Tractus Solitarius

Front 8

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

- the Nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius also serves as what?

- for what nerves?

Back 8

- Sensory Termination

(of)

- Vagus nerves
- Glossopharyngeal nerves

Front 9

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

- nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius does sensory termination of Vagal & Glossopharyngeal nerves, which normally transmit signals FROM where? x3

Back 9

(CBS)

- peripheral Chemoreceptors

- Baroreceptors

- Several types of receptors in lung

Front 10

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

- what basic thing Discharges FROM the Dorsal Respiratory Group?

Back 10

Basic Rhythm
of
Respiration / Inspiration

Front 11

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

- describe the impulses that are discharged for Rhythmical Inspiration

- above impulses are emitted even if what is eliminated?

Back 11

- Repetitive bursts of APs
are emitted

(even if)

- ALL Other Neuronal inputs
eliminated

Front 12

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

- what is the basic CAUSE of these repetitive discharges for Rhythmical Inspiration?

- where are these neurons located agains?

Back 12

- UNKNOWN

- medulla

Front 13

INSPIRATORY "RAMP" SIGNAL

- in Normal Respiration, describe how the inspiratory signal begins.

- then how does it change?

- change for how long?

Back 13

(begins)
- Weakly

(then)
- Increases Steadily

(for about)
- 2 seconds

Front 14

INSPIRATORY "RAMP" SIGNAL

- the Limit of Inspiration is controlled by doing what?

Back 14

- ending the Inspiratory Signal Suddenly

Front 15

INSPIRATORY "RAMP" SIGNAL

- the shorter the Inspiratory signal, the shorter the what?

Back 15

- Expiratory signal

Front 16

PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

- located in which nucleus?

- of what brain anatomical location?

Back 16

("P"neumotaxic = "P"arabrachialis)
- Dorsal Nucleus Parabrachialis

- upper pons

Front 17

PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

- transmits what kind of signals?

- transmits signals to where?

Back 17

- inhibitory signal

- inspiratory center

Front 18

PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

- a strong signal from the Pneumotaxic center does what?

- describe the degree of effect of above

Back 18

- Shortens the Inspiratory signal

- as little as 0.5 seconds

Front 19

PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

- what is the Secondary effect of the strong signal?

- describe the degree of effect

Back 19

- increases the Respiration Rate

- up to 30 to 40 breaths / min

Front 20

PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

- a weak signal allows for what?

- for how long?

- thus yielding what?

Back 20

- Respiration to continue
(for)
- 5 seconds or longer
(yielding)
- Very Slow Respiration rate

Front 21

PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

- Strong signals affect respiration rate how?

- Weak signal affects respiration how?

Back 21

- increases

- decreases

Front 22

PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

- how does a strong signal affect the inspiratory signal?

Back 22

- shortens it up

Front 23

VENTRAL
RESPIRATORY GROUP

- it is located where?

- found in what nuclei? x2

Back 23

- Antero-Lateral
to
Dorsal Respiratory group

- Rostrally: Nu. Ambiguous
- Caudally: Nu. Retroambiguous

Front 24

VENTRAL
RESPIRATORY GROUP

- Function as what while in resting conditions?

Back 24

- Overdrive function with little activity

Front 25

VENTRAL
RESPIRATORY GROUP

- also functions as Overdrive for both Inspiratory & Expiratory during when?

Back 25

- High levels of Pulmonary Ventilation

Front 26

"APNEUSTIC CENTER"

- function?

- location?

Back 26

- unclear

- lower pons

Front 27

"APNEUSTIC CENTER"

- can still function even if what is severed? x2

Back 27

- Vagus

- Pneumotaxic center connections
(in the pons)

Front 28

"APNEUSTIC CENTER"

- when Vagus and Pneumotaxic center connections are severed, what signals are affected?

- signals above affected how? x2

Back 28

Signals to Switch OFF
the
Inspiratory RAMP signal

are

Retarded
or
Prevented

Front 29

"APNEUSTIC CENTER"

- if the Vagus & Pneumotaxic connections are severed, retarding or preventing the signals to Switch Off the inspiratory Ramp signal allow the lungs to do what? x2

Back 29

- Completely become Full

(with)

- Short Expiratory Gasps

Front 30

HERING-BREUER INFLATION RELFEX

- involves what type of receptors?

- receptors above found where? x2

Back 30

- Stretch receptors

- muscular walls of bronchi
- muscular walls of bronchioles

Front 31

HERING-BREUER INFLATION RELFEX

- transmits signals from the stretch receptors to where?

- via what nerve?

- to serve what function?

Back 31

- Respiratory Center

- Vagus nerve

- Prevent OVER-INFLATION of Lungs

Front 32

HERING-BREUER INFLATION RELFEX

- has the only function with what?

- though this function is probably NOT involved with what?

Back 32

- Tidal Volume of greater than 1.51

- Normal control of respiration

Front 33

CHEMICAL
RESPIRATION CONTROL

- the ultimate control of respiration is to do what?

Back 33

Maintain Proper Concentrations of:

- O2
- CO2
- H+

Front 34

CHEMICAL
RESPIRATION CONTROL

- an excess of what can stimulate the Respiratory all by itself? x2

- this affects ventilation how?

Back 34

- CO2
- H+

- increases ventilation
(b/c acidic)

Front 35

CHEMICAL
RESPIRATION CONTROL

- descibe Oxygen's direct effect on the brain?

- Oxygen acts on what receptors?

- above receptors for O2 are located where? x3

Back 35

- very Little direct effect on brain

- Peripheral Chemorecptors

(CVA)
- Carotid
- Vagus
- Aortic bodies

Front 36

CHEMOSENSITIVE NEURONS

- chemosensitive neurons are located in what area?

Back 36

- immediately adjacent
to
inspiratory area
(dorsal resp. group)

Front 37

CHEMOSENSITIVE NEURONS

- these neurons are most sensitive to what molecule?

- what is the problem with accessing the above molecule?

Back 37

- H+

- protons don't easily cross the BBB

Front 38

CHEMOSENSITIVE NEURONS

- which stimuli does not easily cross the BBB?

- since it does not cross the BBB, how is it generated?

- above process of generation occurs more rapidly where?

Back 38

- H+ protons

- CO2 that does cross generates H+
(in the brain circulation)

- CSF

Front 39

CHEMOSENSITIVE NEURONS

- has a strong effect during what setting?

- has a weak effect during what setting?

Back 39

- Acute

- Chronic

Front 40

pCO2 & H+ EFFECTS

- describe the ventilation effects by pCO2

- describe the ventilation effects by H+ protons

Back 40

- Dramatic increase in ventilation

- Moderate increase in ventilation

Front 41

pCO2 & H+ EFFECTS

- the changes within the normal pCO2 range of 35 mmHg to 60 mmHg is far greater than?

Back 41

- pH changes of 7.3 to 7.5

Front 42

pCO2 & H+ EFFECTS

- describe the effects of Oxygen levels?

Back 42

- very little direct effect

Front 43

PERIPHERAL CONTROL

- involves the role of what molecule?

Back 43

- oxygen

Front 44

PERIPHERAL CONTROL
ROLE OF OXYGEN

- Oxygen has a primary control from what receptors?

- where are these receptors primarily? x2

- a few receptors on also located where? x2

Back 44

- Chemoreceptor bodies

- Carotid
- Aortic bodies

- Thoracic aorta
- Abdominal aorta

Front 45

PERIPHERAL CONTROL
ROLE OF OXYGEN

- the chemoreceptors have a special blood supply from?

Back 45

Minute artery

from a

Adjacent
Arterial Trunk

Front 46

PERIPHERAL CONTROL
ROLE OF OXYGEN

- due to the special blood supply, chemoreceptors can always sense what?

Back 46

- Arterial blood

Front 47

PERIPHERAL CONTROL
ROLE OF OXYGEN

- the strongest response comes when the PaO2 range is what?

- why is the response strongest at the above PaO2 range

Back 47

60 to 30 mmHg

(above range is where)

Hemoglobin saturation
DECREASES
rapidly

Front 48

PERIPHERAL CONTROL
ROLE OF OXYGEN

- although its primarily O2, these chemoreceptors can also respond to?

- these repsonses are much more weaker than in the?

- except for what exception?

Back 48

- CO2
- H+

- CNS

- CO2 @ onset of exercise

Front 49

PaCO2 & PaO2
RESPIRATION CONTROL

- as PaCO2 drops, what happens to ventilation?

- as PaO2 drops, what happens to ventilation

Back 49

- increases

- increases

Front 50

PaCO2 & PaO2
RESPIRATION CONTROL

- when increasing ventilation, what is the primary driving force between PaCO2 & PaO2?

- what about the other partial pressure?

Back 50

- PaCO2 decrease = Primary control

- if PaCO2 is stabilized,
then
PaO2 decrease becomes very strong

Front 51

SPECIAL CASES

- with a Pulmonary pathology (eg - pneumonia, emphysema...) that prevents adequate gas exchange, what molecule is affected most and how?

- what molecule is NOT affected

Back 51

- Too Little O2 is absorbed
(when inadequate gas exchange)


- CO2 concentration remain normal
- H+ concentration remian normal

Front 52

SPECIAL CASES

- when Pulmonary pathology prevents adequate gas exchange, causing too little O2 to be absorbed, who is the O2 drive for increased ventilation countered?

- what may counteract this response?

- what is the drawback of above?

Back 52

- NOT countered normally

- High doses of O2
(may counteract)

- can also be FATAL

Front 53

ACCLIMATION

- involves the central effects of what? x2

- in where?

- and what happens?

- in what time period?

Back 53

- PCO2
- H+ protons

- Respiratory

- Central Effects of pCO2 & H+ decline to about 20%

- within 2 to 3 days

Front 54

ACCLIMATION

- allows for what? x2

Back 54

- increased ventilation

- adjustments to Altitude

Front 55

ACCLIMATION

- describe the degree of effect Acclimation has on Ventilation

Back 55

Increases Ventilation

up to
400 to 500%

rather than expected 70%

Front 56

EXERCISE
RESPIRATION REGULATION

- during exercise, what is the relationship with O2 consumption?

- what is the relationship with Total Ventilation during exercise?

Back 56

- Linear

- Linear

Front 57

EXERCISE
RESPIRATION REGULATION

- the Brain, on transmitting impulses to the muscle, is believed to also do what?

Back 57

- send COLLATERAL impulses to Respiratory center

Front 58

EXERCISE
RESPIRATION REGULATION

- during exercise, which receptors are thought to transmit EXCITATORY impulses to the respiratory center? x2

Back 58

- Joint Propioreceptors

- Muscle Propioreceptors

Front 59

"J" RECEPTORS

- what are these?

- where are they located?

Back 59

(a few)
Sensory Nerve Endings

(in the)

- Alveolar Wall

(in)

- Juxtaposition
to
Pulmonary capillaries

Front 60

"J" RECEPTORS

- why are they called "J" receptors?

Back 60

- located Juxtaposition to Pulmonary capillaries

Front 61

"J" RECEPTORS

- "J" receptors are stimulated in response to what 2 conditions?

Back 61

(PE)

- Pulmonary Edema

- Engorged capillaries

Front 62

"J" RECEPTORS

- what is their precise function?

- excitation of "J" receptors will yield what feelings? x2

Back 62

- unknown

- Dyspnea
or
- Labored breathing

Front 63

ANESTHESIA

- list 2 potent anesthetics that are potent respiratory center depressants

- but what anesthetic is much more effective?

Back 63

- Sodium Pentobarbital
- Morphine

- Haloethane

Front 64

ANESTHESIA

- what about Nitrous Oxide?

Back 64

- Very Potent Inhibitor of the Respiratory center

Front 65

PERIODIC BREATHING

- brought on primarily by what?

- why does this occur?

Back 65

- Severe Cardiac Failure

- Blood is DELAYED in transporting O2 to the brain

Front 66

PERIODIC BREATHING

- what is a second cause of Periodic breathing?

- how does the above cause periodic breathing?

Back 66

- Brain damage

- Interferes with Normal Negative Feedback @ Respiratory center

Front 67

PERIODIC BREATHING

- list the 2 causes of Periodic Breathing

- which cause is worse and why?

Back 67

- Severe Cardiac Failure
(delayed O2 transport to brain)

- Brain damage
(interferes w/ normal neg. feedback of respiratory center)

- Brain damage is worse because it is usually a prelude to death

Front 68

PERIODIC BREATHING

- describe periodic breathing

Back 68

- increasing gasps
then
- shallow gasps until stop
then
- repeat

Front 69

PERIODIC BREATHING

- is also known as?

Back 69

- Cheyne-Stokes breathing

Front 70

PERIODIC BREATHING

- in Cheyne Stokes, the peaks of gasps (depths of respiration) corresponds with the peak of what? x2

Back 70

- pCO2
of
Respiratory neurons

- Excitation
of
Respiratory center

Front 71

INSPIRATION EVENTS REVIEW

- Brain initiates inspiratory effort. where in the brain is it?

Back 71

- Dorsal Respiratory group

Front 72

INSPIRATION EVENTS REVIEW

- what happens avter the Intrapleural pressure becomes more negative?

Back 72

- Alveolar Transmural Pressure GRADIENT increases

Front 73

INSPIRATION EVENTS REVIEW

- Alveoli expand according to their?

- Alveoli expand in response to?

- Alveoli expansion will increase what?

Back 73

- individual Compliance curves

- increased Alveolar Transmural Pressure GRADIENT

- elastic recoil

Front 74

RESPIRATION EVENTS REVIEW

- Air will flow out or in to the Alveoli until what event occurs?

Back 74

- Alveolar Pressure

equilibrates
with

- Atmospheric pressure