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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Viral gastroenteritis:
- Primary symptom - Associated symptoms x3 - Vital signs |
WATERY DIARRHEA
Nausea/vomiting, mild fever Usually NORMAL |
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What is a distinguishing feature between viral and bacterial gastroenteritis?
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Viral has milder fever
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Viral Gastroenteritis:
- severe/chronic disease associated with what conditions? x2 - death results from what events? x2 |
Immunodeficient
Malnutrition Acidosis Dehydration |
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Treatment therapy for viral gastroenteritis.
- prognosis - children - serious conditions - what speeds recovery |
Usually self limiting
Oral rehydration + electrolytes (esp. for children) IV rehydration + electrolytes if serious Feeding speeds up recovery |
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Besides the Rotovirus, Norovirus, and Astrovirus: name 5 other viruses associated with viral gastroenteritis.
Which one is seen primarly in: - newborns - children |
Coronavirus (SARS) - newborns
Herpesvirus (CMV, HSV) Adenovirus - children Picornovirus HIV |
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Adenovirus gastroenteritis is unique from other viral gastroenteritis viruses b/c of its longer.....
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longer duration
longer incubation |
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Rotovirus genome:
- # of strands - type of strand - envelope? - capsid shape |
Double stranded
Plus and Minus Non-enveloped Icosahedral |
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Describe the dsRNA fragments associated with Rotovirus genome.
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11 fragments
3 L 3 M 4 S |
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What is unique about the capsid structure of rotovirus?
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2 Concentric capsids
(double layered) |
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For rotoviruses, why does 11 dsRNA fragments create 15 proteins?
Be specific |
Most are monocistronic, except
M3 and S1 encode 2 genes Thus 13 proteins (from 11 frag) - 8 structural - 5 nonstructural |
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What is the infectious form of the rotovirus called, and how do you get to that point?
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ISVP - Intermediate SubViral Particle
Virus is proteolytically processed in the gut, allowing its conversion to ISVP. |
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In order for rotovirus to penetrate cytoplasmic membrane, the sigma1 attachment protein binds to what receptor?
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Sialic acid
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Rotovirus replication of the PARENTAL RNA will ALWAYS occur in:
a. Inner core b. cytoplasm c. nucleus d. Outer core e. 2 of the above f. 3 of the above g. none of the above h. all of the above |
E.
Occurs in cytoplasm and inner core |
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In rotoviruses, the negative strand is:
a. capped b. polyadenylated c. copied to dsDNA d. template e. 2 of the above f. 3 of the above g. none of the above h. all of the above |
F.
It is capped, polyadenylated, and used as a template Only the positive strand gets converted into dsDNA |
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Describe what is meant by the triple layer formation for rotoviruses.
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During replication, it will bud in to the ER, which will add the outer layer and the envelope, giving it three layers total.
However, during release, the envelope is lost |
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Rotovirus groups:
- name all - which infect humans - which infects kids - which infects adults - which allow for reassortment? |
A-G (seven types)
A - kids B - adults C - unknown A,B, and C can do reassortment |
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Rotovirus gastroenteritis:
- transmission - survival ability - incubation - peak months - affects of humidity |
Fecal-oral
Can survive 7 months in shit Less than 48 hours Cooler months High humidity INACTIVATES it Low humidity makes it STRONGER |
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Target cell of Rotovirus.
Include location |
Columnar Epithelial Cells
covering VILLI of SMALL INTESTINE |
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Rotovirus disease would manifest what on histologically?
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Shortening/blunting of villi
Mononuclear infiltrate of lamina propria Epithelial Damage |
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In general, list the 2 mechanisms used by rotovirus to cause pathology.
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1. Shuts OFF host cell function
2. NS protein acts as Enterotoxin |
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Describe the effects of enterotoxin for rotovirus gastroenteritis. x2
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Promotes influx of calcium
Promotes defect of water absorption |
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For rotovirus gastroenteritis, what is found in the gut, that correlates with disease severity?
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IgA
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Is rotovirus gastroenteritis mainly symptomatic in children or adults?
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Children
Adults are usually asymptomatic |
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ROTASHIELD vaccine:
- contains what? - how well used in the US? - side effect |
Contains live, attenuated virus
Currently suspended in US Due to INTUSSUSCEPTION (folding of intestines) |
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What are some other rotovirus vaccines being tested now and what is in them?
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ROTAteq - bovine strain
ROTArix - human strain |
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Calciviruses:
- RNA or DNA - # of strands - plus or minus strand - envelope - capsid |
RNA
Single stranded Positive (plus) NON-envelope Icosahedral |
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T/F - Calcivirus has a 5'cap
T/F - Calcivirus is polyadenylated |
False - has a VPg
True |
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Why is the calcivirus capsid so unique? x3
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EXTREMELY stable
90 Dimers of capsid proteins Does NOT require RNA interaction for proper folding |
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What is the #1 cause for food-borne gastroenteritis?
What is the #1 cause for viral food-borne gastroenteritis? |
Norovirus (50% of total)
Norovirus (96% of viral) |
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How long does it take for the 1st symptom to occur after infection for Norovirus gastroenteritis?
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24 hours
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Transmission routes for norovirus gastroenteritis. x3
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Fecal-oral
Fomites Aerosolized vomitus |
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T/F - Norovirus is associated with PEDS gastroenteritis.
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False, mainly adults
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What is the best course of prophylactic action against norovirus gastroenteritis?
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Wash hands and use gloves
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What are the 5 characteristics of Norovirus that make is facilitate easy spreading?
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1. Sustained Strain DIVERSITY
2. Prolonged Asymptomatic SHEDDING 3. Environmental STABILITY 4. Lacks LASTING IMMUNITY 5. Low INFECTIOUS DOSE |
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What is the infectious dose level for norovirus gastroenteritis?
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Less than 100 particles
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T/F - Childhood infection of Norovirus will protect adults for future infections.
Why or why not? |
False.
Unknown reason as to why there is a lack of lasting immunity |
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What is the molecular mechanism associated with the Norovirus pathogenesis?
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unknown
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What is the infected cell type for the norovirus?
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unknown
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With all the diversity existing for Noroviruses, what interesting factor exists in humans that differentiates which noroviruses are susceptible and resistant?
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Blood types
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Describe the pathology seen in Norovirus gastroenteritis. x2
What makes this different from Rotoviruses? |
Blunted/Shortened villi in proximal small intestine
Mononuclear cell infiltrate into the lamina propria Epithelial cells are INTACT, unlike the effects seen in rotoviruses. |
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What clinical symptoms has a stronger association with Norovirus gastroenteritis than other virueses?
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Vomiting
Seen in >50% of cases |
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Diagnosis tests for Norovirus gastroenteritis. x2
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Antibody staining (stool)
RT-PCR (stool) |
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Norovirus gastroenteritis:
- Incubation - Duration of illness |
1 to 2 days
12 to 60 hours |
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Which viral gastroenteritis virus has the potential for bioterrorism?
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Calciviruses (RHDV, FCV)
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Astroviruses:
- RNA or DNA - # of strands - plus or minus strand - envelope - capsid |
RNA
Single stranded Plus NON-enveloped Icosohedral |
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Astrovirus gastroenteritis is a problem for adults or children?
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Main children
Adults are usually asymptomatic |
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Astrovirus gastroenteritis:
- transmission - incubation - duration - # of serotypes |
fecal to oral
3-4 days 3-4 days 8 types |
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Compare the symptoms of gastroenteritis caused from astrovirus vs. rotovirus.
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Both affect children, but
astrovirus is more MILD in diarrhea |
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Astrovirus:
- lasting immunity? - who are most at risk |
Yes, but does wane with age
Immunocompromised (12% of HIV patients) |
