M2-C3-L22A --> Staphylococcus Aureus

Front 1

List the clinically relevant strains of Staphylococcus. x2

Back 1

Staphylococcus Aureus

Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Front 2

Basic features of Staphylococcus species. x2

Back 2

Gram positive

Catalase positive

Front 3

Why is Staphylococcus so effective at utilizing the carrier state on fomites or the skin of people?

Back 3

Can survive a long time on dry surfaces.

Front 4

Why is Staphylococcus effective in food poisoning?

Back 4

Can survive in high salt concentration

Front 5

What is an inherent feature of Staph. Aureus that can be used in the lab to distinguish Staph. Aureus from other Staph. strains?

Back 5

Coagulase positive

Front 6

List two basic lesions you might get from Staph. Aureus.

Back 6

Pyogenic Exudate

Abscesses

Front 7

Describe the pyogenic exudate of Staph. Aureus.

Back 7

Pus filled with dead phagocytic cells and dead bacterial cells.

Front 8

Describe the abscesses of Staph. Aureus.

- Benefit for bacteria?
- Benefit for host?

Back 8

"Stand off" between bacteria and phagocytes, where the phagocytes are surrounding the bacteria.

Bacteria are protected from being phagocytized

Host can have localized containment.

Front 9

What does it mean that an abscess can be a seeding point for Staph. Aureus?

Thus, what should happen to abscesses?

Back 9

Bacteria will clump together without worry of phagocytosis due to the fibrin.

Then it will escape the abscess using staphylokinase.

Thus, important to drain.

Front 10

What separates the bacteria and the phagocytes in an abscess?

What does the bacteria use to escape this crazy love-nest we call an abscess?

Back 10

Fibrin

Staphylokinase b/c it lyses fibrin clots.

Front 11

List the pyogenic skin infections that you can get with Staphylococcus Aureus.

Back 11

Impetigo

Folliculitis

Furuncles (boils)

Caruncles

Cellulitis

Front 12

Impetigo:

- progression

Back 12

Small red papules
-> Vesicles filled with clear/yellow fluid
-> Blisters filled with pus
-> Eruption leads to crusty yummies on skin

Front 13

Folliculitis:

- define
- can become what?

Back 13

Infection of hair follicle

Furuncle

Front 14

What is a Stye?

Back 14

Folliculitis located at base of eyelid.

Front 15

Furuncles:

- define
- can become what?

Back 15

Extension of folliculitis.
Large, painful, and raised nodules with underlying necrotic tissue.

Caruncles

Front 16

Caruncles:

- define
- systemic symptoms x2

Back 16

Coalesced furuncles that extends to deeper tissue

Fevers and chills via bacteremia

Front 17

Define cellulitis

Back 17

Inflammation of subcutaneous tissue.

Front 18

Wound infection due to Staph. Aureus:

- usually occurs after what?
- symptoms x3
- can lead to what?
- treatment

Back 18

Surgery

Edema
Pain
Accumulation of Puss material

Bacteremia

Reopen wound and remove purulent material or FB

If uncleared, than do Antibiotic therapy.

Front 19

Staphylococcus Aureus Pneumonia:

- types (w/ description) x3
- treatment for all of 'em
- when do you NOT use this treatment

Back 19

1. Hematogenous
(occurs w/ pts w/ bacteremia)
2. Aspiration
(after aspiration of oral secretions)
3. Necrotizing
(community-acquired that can lead to septic shock)

IV Penicillinase resistant PCN
(oxacillan)

DON'T USE FOR MRSA

Front 20

Staph. Aureus induced osteomyelitis:

- occur commonly in where
- treatment
- prognosis

Back 20

Vertebral involvement

Surgery + Antimicrobial therapy

Very Good!!!!!!

Front 21

Bacteremia associated with Staphylococcus Aureus can lead to what? x2

Back 21

Endocarditis

Sepsis

Front 22

Bacteremia induced endocarditis:

- can affect?
- mortality rate
- visible sign

Back 22

Otherwise healthy heart valves

50%

Septic embolism

Front 23

How does Staph. Aureus cause septic embolism?

Back 23

Caused by occlusion of capillaries with the growth of it's colonies

Front 24

Staph. Aureus induced Septic Arthritis:

- describe
- common in what group

Back 24

Painful, erythematous joint with purulent material

Patients receiving intra-articular injections

Front 25

Ritter's Disease:

- AKA
- common in?
- symptoms x2

Back 25

Staphylococcus Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)

Neonates and young children

1. Large blisters with CLEAR fluid
2. Desquamation of epithelium

Front 26

Bullous Impetigo:

- Symptoms
- Common in?
- what is unique about it that separates it from SSSS

Back 26

Localized form of SSSS
(blisters with desquamation)

Adults

Culture positive blisters

Front 27

Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS):

- etiology
- common in?
- disease restricted to?
- symptoms x5

Back 27

Dissemination of TSST-1 toxin

14 - 25 y.o. females

Those that don't have antibodies to TSST-1 toxins

1. Fever
2. Hypotension
3. Multi-organ involvement
4. Diffuse rash
5. Desquamation

Front 28

T/F - Staphylococcal food poisoning is an infection by staphylococcal toxins.

Back 28

False.

It is an INTOXICATION, not an infection.

Front 29

Staphylococcal food poisoning:

- etiology
- onset
- symptoms x4
- treatment

Back 29

Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A

4 hours after ingestion

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain

Relieve the abdominal symptoms
(IV fluid replacement)

Front 30

T/F - Staphylococcal food poisoning can be avoided by microwaving the contaminated food.

Back 30

False

b/c toxins involved, not bacteria

Front 31

T/F - Fever is usually a sign for Staphylococcal food poisoning.

Back 31

False.

No fever

Front 32

Methicillan Resistant Staph. Aureus (MRSA):

- carries what gene
- resistant to what Ab
- how
- treatment x2

Back 32

mecA gene

PCN

has penicillinase

1. Vancomysin
2. Topical mupirocin
(for clearing nasal carriers)

Front 33

What do you use for MSSA?

Back 33

Oxacillan

Front 34

List the virulence factors for Staph. Aureus. x9

Back 34

Peptidoglycan
Capsular polysaccharides

Panton-Valentine Leukocidin
Protein A
Cytotoxin
Exfoliative toxin

MSCRAMM's/Adhesions
Enterotoxins (superantigen)
TSST-1 (superantigen)

Front 35

What does protein A do?

Back 35

Binds to Fc portion of IgG

Front 36

What does the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin do?

Back 36

Lyses Neutrophils

Front 37

Which toxins are responsible for SSSS? x2

Back 37

Exfoliative Toxin A (ETA)
Exfoliative Toxin B (ETB)

Front 38

Which toxins are responsible for food poisoning?

Back 38

Enterotoxins (8)

Front 39

What does MSCRAMMs/Adhesions do?

Back 39

Allows binding to host cell.

Front 40

Which one(s) of the Staph. Aureus virulent factors can act as superantigens?

Back 40

Enterotoxins

TSST - 1

Front 41

Which toxins are responsible for TSS?

Back 41

TSST - 1 toxin

Front 42

How difficult is it to control Staph. aureus?

Back 42

Very hard to control

Front 43

What is the major mode of transmission for Staph. aureus?

Back 43

Hands of healthcare workers

Front 44

What are preventative ways to control Staph. aureus? x4

Back 44

1. Wash hands/Hand antisepsis

2. Wound antisepsis

3. Isolate MRSA patients

4. Nasal carriage elimination