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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Almost All Ab's affecting cell wall biosynthesis are?
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Bacteriocidal
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Almost All Ab's affecting cell wall biosynthesis require?
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Growth of bacteria
(so they lyse when growing) |
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List the 7 Ab's that affect cell wall biosynthesis such that it is BACTERIOCIDAL as long as there is bacterial GROWTH.
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- Bacitracin
- Carbapenam - Cephalosporin - CycloSerine - MONObactams - Vancomycin - PCN |
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What Ab GENERALLY targets the Cell membrane?
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Polymyxins
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CM-P
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Polymyxins specifically target what on the Cell Membrane? x2
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Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
Lipid A |
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T/F - Polymyxins are bacteriostatic
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False
Polymyxins are cidal |
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Besides BACitracin, what else can be found in Neosporin?
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Polymyxins
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ANTI-FUNGALS disrupt the Cell Membrane by affecting what biosynthesis?
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Ergosterol Biosynthesis
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List 3 Anti-Fungal classes that attack the cellular membrane by affecting the Ergosterol Biosynthesis.
Include whether it is Fungicidal or static Include some associated names |
1. Polyenes
Fungicidal (high) & Fungistatic (low) (Amphotericin B, Nystatin) 2. Imidizoles/Triazoles/Azoles Fungistatic (Mi-, Flu-, Keto-CONAZOLE) 3. Allylamines & Thiocarbamates Fungistatic (Terbinafine (dermatophytes)) |
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Daptomycin
- describe its chemical structure - isolated from? |
Cyclic Lipopeptide
Streptomyces species |
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Daptomycin
- Tx for? x3 - Targets what organisms - MOA - Resistance? - |
- Complicated skin infections
- MRSA - VRE (enterococcus) - Gram POSITIVE killer rapidly - Disrupts cell membrane in presence of Ca2+ - RARE (only 2) |
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Daptomycin
- how is it unique? - why is it unique? - MOA requires what - administered how? - cidal or static? |
First member of new class of Ab
MOA is distinct from all other approved Ab Presence of Calcium IV only CIDAL |
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Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
- Which are BacterioCIDAL? - Why - Which are BacterioSTATIC? - Why |
Aminoglycosides
(irreversible biding to Ribosomes) All others (Reversible binding to ribosomes) |
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Aminoglycosides
- Site of action - MOA (General) - Spectrum - Limitation of organism |
30S ribosomes
Irreversible binding to 30S ribosome Broad Spectrum Not Anaerobes |
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What drugs are Synergistic with PCN?
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Aminoglycosides
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List some Aminoglycosides. x3
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Gentamycin
Amikacin Tobramycin |
Amigo's will GAT fools
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Amiinoglycosides have 3 MOAs. List them.
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1. Protein synthesis Shut Off
2. Depletion of 30S Ribosome pool 3. Defective protein by causing Code MisReading |
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T/F - Aminoglycosides are structural analogs.
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True
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T/F - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors are structural analogs.
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False.
Only Aminoglycosides (cidals) are analogs. Rest are static |
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T/F - BacterioSTATIC Protein Synthesis Inhibitors have structures that are associated with MOA.
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False
b/c they are NOT structural analogs |
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T/F - Most BacterioSTATIC Protein Synthesis Inhibitors bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit.
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False
Most bind to the 50S |
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Which BacterioSTATIC Protein Synthesis Inhibitors bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit?
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Tetracycline
Spectinomycin (Not Aminoglycosides b/c they cidal) |
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What BacterioSTATIC Protein Synthesis Inhibitors does NOT bind to either 30S or 50S?
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Fusidic Acid
(binds to EF) |
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BacterioSTATIC Protein Synthesis Inhibitor, FUSIDIC ACID, binds to what?
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Elongation Factor (EF)
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Elongate to FUck on Acid
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Many bacteria actively transport what BacterioSTATIC Protein Synthesis Inhibitor?
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Tetracycline
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Tetracycline Tx
- Primarily employed as? - 1st Line of Defense against? x2 |
- Alternative drug
- Rickettsia - Chlamydia |
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Tetracycline Tx
- Effective against what type of bacteria? - Why? |
Intracelluar bacteria
Tetracycline is good at Penetrating into host cell |
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Major negative aspect of Tetracycline.
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Bacteria actively transport the drug back out of the cell
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Tetracycline MOA
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Reversible binding to 30S
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Spectinomycin
- MOA is similar to? - static or cidal? |
- Aminoglycosides
(but REVERSIBLE binding to 30S) - Static |
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Chloramphenicol
- MOA - Spectrum? |
- Reversible bind to 50S
- Prevents Peptide Bond formation - BROAD Spectrum |
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Chloramphenicol
- Major Toxic Effect |
Aplastic Anemia
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Lincomycin
- what's its derivative - Is the derivative form better? - MOA |
- Clindamycin
- Yes. Increased spectrum & potency - Interferes with Peptide bond formation at the level of 50S |
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Lincomycin is Effective against what type of organisms?
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Anaerobes
(e.g. - Bacteriodes Fragilis) |
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Lincomycin / Clindamycin
- Major Side Effect? - Major Side Effect leads to? |
Clostridium Difficile Superinfection
Pseudomembranous Colitis |
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Macrolides
- MOA |
Reversible binding to
23S rRNA in the 50S ribosome |
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Macrolides
- 3 derivatives |
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin Erythromycin |
MAC like an ACE
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Erythromycin is Primarily effective against what type of organisms?
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Gram + bacteria
(some Gram - bacteria too, such as Legionairre's) |
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Erythromycin is the Drug of Choice for? x2
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Mycoplasma Pneumoniae infections
Legionairre's Dz |
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Streptogramins
- what is it? - MOA - why unique? |
Synergistic combo of
- Quinupristin - Dalfopristin Quinupristin - initiates premature peptide release Dalfopristin - prevents peptide chain elongation Unique because combo is SYNERGISTIC inhibitor of peptide bond formation |
Strip-o-gram chick looks like a Pristine version of Dr. Quin of Dallas.
She make me PE, then limp |
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Fusidic Acid
- MOA - Spectrum - Tx used for? |
- Binds to EF - G (not ribosome) thus inhibiting protein synthesis
- NARROW spectrum - Primarily Staphylococcus (but RARELY used) |
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What BacterioSTATIC Protein Synthesis Inhibitors was made completely from scratch (100% synthetic) in 2001?
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Oxazolidinones (Linezolid)
First new class in 40 years! |
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Oxazolidinones (Linezolid)
- Useful against what organisms? - Tx against what Dz? x2 |
Gram POSITIVE infections
1. MRSA (last resort drug) 2. VRE (last resort drug) |
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Oxazolidinones (Linezolid)
- Target? - MOA |
Unexploited & New target site
Disrupts assembly of fmet-tRNA with: - mRNA - 30S May also prevent 70S formation by binding 50S |
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Oxazolidinones (Linezolid)
- cidal or static? - never used as? x2 - any resistance? |
- static
- animal growth promoters - animal infections - Yes! --> LRE / LRVRE |
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List the Ab's that affect Nucleic Acid Synthesis. x4
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- Rifamycin
- Griseofulvin - Quinolones / Fluoroquinolones - Metronidazole |
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Rifamycins
- aka - static or cidal? |
- Rifampin
- CIDAL |
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Rifamycin MOA
- Inhibits which Nucleic Acid Synthesis - MOA target - what process is then affected? |
- RNA synthesis
- DNA-Dependent-RNA Polymerase - Transcription Prevented |
Rifam-Pin = Rna-Polymerase
DD Poly |
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Rifampin
- Used to Tx? x3 |
- Prophylaxis for Meningitis-Exposed patients
- Leprosy (Mycobacterial) - TB (Mycobacterial) |
Rifampin = Red
- Platelets are red |
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List the Ab's that affect Nucleic Acid Synthesis. x4
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- Rifamycin
- Griseofulvin - Quinolones / Fluoroquinolones - Metronidazole |
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Rifamycins
- aka - static or cidal? |
- Rifampin
- CIDAL |
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Rifamycin MOA
- Inhibits which Nucleic Acid Synthesis - MOA target - what process is then affected? |
- RNA synthesis
- DNA-Dependent-RNA Polymerase - Transcription Prevented |
Rifam-Pin = Rna-Polymerase
DD Poly |
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Rifampin
- Used to Tx? x3 |
- Prophylaxis for Meningitis-Exposed patients
- Leprosy (Mycobacterial) - TB (Mycobacterial) |
Rifampin = Red
- Platelets are red |
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Griseofulvin MOA
- Inhibits which Nucleic Acid Synthesis - MOA target - what process is then affected? x2 |
- DNA
- Fungal Microtubules - DNA Replication - Mitosis |
"Greasy Fulcrum" =
Peel Fungus off of your "Toe-sis" (mitosis) |
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Griseofulvin
("Greasy Fulcrum") - Administered how? - Ineffective if? - Collects in what cells? |
- Orally
- Ineffective if applied locally - Keratin |
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Griseofulvin
("Greasy Fulcrum") - static or cidal? - affect mammalian cells? |
- Static
- At the level used, does not affect mammalian cells |
Non-moving greasy fulcrum, so nothing affected
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Quinolones / Fluoroquinolones
("FloQ of sinners") - static or cidal - Ab's end in what ending? - Give an example of a drug - Give an example of a drug not used anymore. why? |
- Cidal
- Ends in -FLOXACIN - Cirprofloxacin - Nalidixic acid is no longer used due to widespread resistance |
"Flock of Sinners" Sip on hard Cider
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Quinolones / Fluoroquinolones
("FloQ of sinners") - Effective against what organism types? - Effective against important specific organism? x2 - Spectrum? |
- Both Gram + & -
- Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - MRSA - BROAD |
"FloQ of sinners" swing BOTH ways, but prefer BROADS at PM
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Quinolones / Fluoroquinolones
("FloQ of sinners") - Inhibits which Nucleic Acid Synthesis - MOA target x2 - what process is then affected? |
- DNA
- Inhibits DNA Gyrase (Neg.) - Inhibits DNA Topoisomerase (Pos.) - DNA Supercoiling during Replication |
FloQ of sinners like to get on TOP and GYRAte their hips in a COIL-like pattern
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Quinolones / Fluoroquinolones
("FloQ of sinners") - which one is used mostly? - how many generations of drugs - resistance due to? |
- Fluoroquinolones (most)
- up to 4th generation - Widespread use in Agriculture |
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Metronidazole
- Inhibits which Nucleic Acid Synthesis - MOA target - what process is then affected? |
- DNA
- DNA straight up - DNA replication |
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Metronidazole MOA
- MOA - MOA requires what to be active? - MOA requirement occurs where? |
- Forms toxic metabolites that Fragment DNA
- Reduced by Nitroreductase (Ferredoxin reduced --> oxidized) - Cytoplasm |
Metrosexuals are inactive OX's, but become active when they arrive at the club SITE (CYTEoplasm) and find a RED NITRO drink called FERRY juice
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Metronidazole
- Static or Cidal - Tx for what organisms? x4 |
- Cidal
- Helicobacter Pylori - Anaerobes - Protozoa - Parasites |
Metrosexuals drink CIDER and become HAPPy
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List the Anti-Folates x4
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- Sulfonamides (Sulfisoxazole)
- Trimethoprim - Dapsone - p-Aminosalicilate |
Folic acid for whores who may have STD (or PTSD) and an ASPIRIN (p-aminoASA)
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Anti-Folates
- MOA - static or cidal - chemical structure looks like? |
- Analog
- static by itself by cidal in combo - PABA |
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What is Bactrim?
What is Bactrim used for? |
Combo of
Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim Anti-Leprosy |
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Anti-Folates
- Sulfonamides MOA (specific) - Trimethoprim MOA (specific) |
Competitive analog for
- Dihydropteric Acid Synthetase (DAS) - DihydroFolate Reductase (DHF) |
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Other Miscellaneous Antibiotics that can't be categorized yet.
- list 2 that is used for UTI's |
- Nitrofurantoin
- Methenamine |
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Other Miscellaneous Antibiotics that can't be categorized yet.
NITROFURANTOIN - static or cidal? - MOA |
- CIDAL
- DNA synthesis inhibitor |
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Other Miscellaneous Antibiotics that can't be categorized yet.
NITROFURANTOIN - Used to Tx? - Why is it go good to Tx with this? - Contraindications? |
- UTI
- Highly concentrated in Urine - Do NOT use with Quinolones (Antagonistic) |
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Other Miscellaneous Antibiotics that can't be categorized yet.
METHENAMINE - Used to Tx what? - MOA - Requires? |
- UTI
- at ACID pH, generates Formaldehyde - ACID pH |
Meth is like Acid
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List the anti-Mycobacteria drugs x5
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- Pyrazinamide
- Isoniazid - Ethionamide - Clofazimine - Ethambutol |
MY-COB is an impressive PIECE
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Anti-Mycobacteria Drugs
- MOA for Pyrazinamide |
Inhibits membrane transport
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MY-COB is like a PYRATE stopping all MEMBER TRANSPORT
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Other Miscellaneous Antibiotics that can't be categorized yet.
- Isoniazid MOA - Isoniazid used for? |
- Inhibits Mycolic Acid synthesis
- Mycobacteria infections |
MY-COB says, "I SAW MIKE O's ACID making"
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Other Miscellaneous Antibiotics that can't be categorized yet.
- Ethionamide MOA - Ethionamide used for? |
- Inhibits Mycolic Acid synthesis
- Mycobacteria infections |
MY-COB says, "
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Other Miscellaneous Antibiotics that can't be categorized yet.
CLOFAZIMINE - MOA - Used for? |
- Inhibits Mycobacterial DNA Synthesis
- Mycobacterial infections |
MY-COB says, "CLO-ee stops D-Na from Making out"
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Other Miscellaneous Antibiotics that can't be categorized yet.
ETHAMBUTOL "Ethane-Butane Torch" - MOA - Used for? |
- Inhibits Arabinogalactan Biosynthesis
- Mycobacterial Infections |
MY-COB says, "Ethane-Butane Torches the ARAB IN GALAXY"
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Give an example of a drug combo that does synergism
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PCN & Aminoglycoside
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Give an example of a drug combo that does Antagonism
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Macrolide & Clindamycin
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Define MIC
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Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
- Lowest concentration that inhibits growth of organism |
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Define MBC
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Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
- Lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of the bacterial population |
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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Define Susceptible |
MIC of organism achieved in the body at recommended levels
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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Define Resistant |
MIC can NOT be achieved
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Determination of MIC
- list the possible tests x5 |
1. Dilution test
2. Disk Diffusion test 3. D Test Disk Diffusion test ("D-Zone Test") 4. Kirby-Bauer test (Ab disk susceptibility) 5. E-Test |
To find the MIKE (MIC), Kirby and ED used a DD chick to lure him out
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After obtaining all the cumulative surveillance data pertaining to MIC Determination, a profile is made called?
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Antibiogram
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T/F - Antibiograms are in hospitals to act as a guide for protocols in Antibiotic usage against various resistant Dz.
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True
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T/F - Antibiograms are consistent across all hospitals.
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False
Each hospital makes its own and is distinct |
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How would you determine MBC?
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Broth Dilution Test
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Organisms requiring ROUTINE Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
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-
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