M2-C3-L03 --> Bacterial Growth & Physiology

Front 1

Bacteria are identified by their __________ characteristics.

Back 1

Metabolic

Front 2

Explain MacConkey Agar's worth based on its ingredients......

- as a differential media
- as a selective media

Back 2

Differential media = LACTOSE

(thus will favor organisms that can utilize lactose via fermentation)

Selective media =
BILE SALTS & CRYSTAL VIOLET

(thus will INHIBIT gram positive bacteria, making it selective (favoring) for gram negative bacteria)

Hint 2

L - D

BC - S

Front 3

What is complex media and when is it useful?

Back 3

A media with a bunch of unknown nutrients for growth.

Useful when GROWING unknown organisms, or organisms whose nutritional requirements are unknown.

Front 4

What is defined media and when is it useful?

Back 4

Media where each nutrient is defined/specified.

Useful for DETERMINING the nutritional requirements of an organism.

Front 5

Chemoheterotrophs:

- source for energy and carbon
- clinical significance

Back 5

Organic compounds

All clinically significant fungi, protozoa, and most bacteria are these.

Front 6

List the phases of the bacterial growth curve.

Back 6

Lag phase
Exponential phase
Stationary phase
Decline

Front 7

Define generation time.

Back 7

Time it takes for a bacteria to divide

Front 8

What are the basic environmental requirements for bacteria? x4

Back 8

Salt
Temperature
Oxygen
pH

Front 9

List/define the categories of bacteria based on temperature.

Back 9

Thermophile
(can live in extreme hot temp.)

Mesophile
(can live in non-extreme temp.)
(25 - 55 C)

Psychrophile
(can live in extreme cold temp.)

Front 10

List/define the categories of bacteria based on pH.

Back 10

Acidophiles
(can live in acidic environment)

Neutrophiles
(can live in neutral pH environment)
(approximately 5 - 9 pH)

Alkalophiles
(can live in alkaline environment)

Front 11

List/define the categories of bacteria based on oxygen.

Include the types of metabolism each uses.

Back 11

Anaerobes
(can live in absence of O2)
(fermentative metabolism OR anaerobic respiration)

Aerobes
(only grows in O2)
(utilize respiratory metabolism)

Facultative
(Utilize respiratory and fermentative metabolism)

Front 12

What are Aerotolerant bacteria?

Back 12

Bacteria that tolerate O2, but only utilize the fermentative metabolism.

Front 13

What are Microaerophile bacteria?

Back 13

Bacteria that tolerate O2, but too much O2 is harmful to them.

However, they utilize respiratory metabolism.

Front 14

Intestinal bacteria are:

a.) Aerobic
b.) Anaerobic
c.) Facultative
d.) Aerotolerant

Back 14

b.) Anaerobic

Front 15

Strep. Pyogenes are:

a.) Aerobic
b.) Anaerobic
c.) Facultative
d.) Aerotolerant

Back 15

d.) Aerotolerant

Front 16

E. coli are:

a.) Aerobic
b.) Anaerobic
c.) Facultative
d.) Aerotolerant

Back 16

c.) Facultative

Front 17

Bacterial Catabolism of carbs:

- phases
- initial pathway
- followed by
- goal x2

Back 17

OXIDATIVE
(oxidation of glucose to pyruvate)
REDUCTIVE
(reduction of pyruvate)

Glycolysis

Fermentation OR Respiration

Generation of:
ATP
Metabolic building blocks

Front 18

List the three oxidative pathways possible.

Back 18

Embden-Mayerhof pathway (EMP)

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway (HMP)

Enter-Doudoroff (ED)

Front 19

Embden-Mayerhof:

- Energy gained

Back 19

2 ATP per 1 mole glucose

Front 20

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway:

- Energy gained
- Provides what else? x2

Back 20

1 ATP per 1 mole glucose

Pentose
NADPH

Front 21

Entner-Doudoroff:

- Energy gained?

Back 21

1 ATP per 1 mole glucose

Front 22

Fermentation:

- Energy gained
- End product
- Why is end product significant?

Back 22

None

Varies depending on organism

Useful for identification

Front 23

Methyl Red test:

- Tests for what?
- List example of positive

Back 23

Mixed acids, dropping pH

E. coli

Front 24

Voges-Proskauer (VP) test:

- Tests for what?
- List 4 examples of positives

Back 24

Acetyl-methyl carbinol

Serratia
Haffnia
Enterobacter
Klebsiella

Front 25

Aerobic respiration:

- Energy gained
- pathways involved

Back 25

36 - 38 ATP per 1 mole glucose

Glycolysis
TCA
Electron Transport Cycle

Front 26

TCA cycle:

- catabolic or anabolic
- which bacteria has this

Back 26

Amphibolic

Only aerobic bacteria have complete cycle

Front 27

Electron Transport Cycle

- energy gained
- final electron acceptor

Back 27

3 ATP per 1 mole NADH

O2

Front 28

For MacConkey Agar, the function of the Lactose....

- to measure?

Back 28

Lactose utilization

Front 29

For MacConkey Agar, describe what the bacteria does in its utilization of lactose.

Back 29

Bacteria imports lactose (disaccharide)

Metabolizes glucose using FERMENTATION

This produces acid

Front 30

For MacConkey Agar, the utilization of the Lactose....

- shows what visual result
- results indicate what

Back 30

Pink color dye is seen

Lactose utilization involves fermentation which produces acid.

The acid changes the pH which will manifest the dye color

Front 31

For MacConkey Agar, the function of the Bile Salts & Crystal Violet is?

Back 31

INHIBIT the growth of Gram Positive

ALLOW the growth of Gram Negative

Front 32

T/F - Most bacteria can be easily cultured outside their natural environment.

Back 32

FALSE

>90% of bacteria can NOT be cultured outside their natural environment

Front 33

What are the types of Solid media? x3

Back 33

1. REGULAR
(Non-selective or Non-differential)

2. SELECTIVE

3. DIFFERENTIAL

Front 34

What are the types of Liquid media? x2

Back 34

1. COMPLEX

2. DEFINED

Front 35

MacConkey Agar is selective for what type of organisms?

Back 35

Gram Negative

They live

Front 36

Bacteria can withstand extreme pH values that their own proteins can NOT due to?

Back 36

Adaptation

Front 37

Bacterial Catabolism involves a central role for?

Back 37

Glucose

Front 38

Describe the Oxidative phase of glucose metabolism in bacteria.

Back 38

Oxidation of Glucose to Pyruvate

Front 39

What is the purpose of the Oxidative phase of glucose metabolism in bacteria.

Back 39

To generate energy

Front 40

Describe the Reductive phase of glucose metabolism in bacteria.

Back 40

Reduction of Pyruvate

Front 41

What is the purpose of the Reductive phase of glucose metabolism in bacteria? x2

Back 41

1. Maintain overall Ox-Redox BALANCE

2. RECYCLING of NAD

Front 42

Do all bacteria have Reduction phase following Oxidation phase?

If not, then what are the exceptions AND what occurs in place of the Reduction phase?

Back 42

NO

Bacteria that have a complete TCA cycle

Further Oxidation for Pyruvate occurs
AND
NAD recycled via another mechanism

Front 43

Glycolysis Basic Facts

Phosphorylation occurs at what level?

Back 43

Substrate level phosphorylation

Front 44

Glycolysis Basic Facts

Efficiency?

Back 44

Not very efficient

Front 45

Glycolysis Basic Facts

Why is Glycolysis not very efficient?

Back 45

Lots of CARBON utilized

Lots of ENERGY REMAINS in End Product

Front 46

Glycolysis Basic Facts

Do all bacteria utilize the same glycolytic pathway?

Back 46

NO

Different bacteria utilize different glycolytic pathways

Front 47

AEROBIC RESPIRATION - Basic Facts

Pyruvate from Glycolysis enters what cycle to produce what?

Back 47

TCA cycle

NADH
(high energy electrons)

Front 48

AEROBIC RESPIRATION - Basic Facts

The production of NADH (via TCA) goes where?

Back 48

Electron transport chain

Eventually being passed to O2
(producing lots of ATP)

Front 49

AEROBIC RESPIRATION - Basic Facts

What is the primary end result?

Back 49

Produce LOTS of Energy

Front 50

Which organisms are the ONLY ones to have a COMPLETE TCA cycle?

Back 50

Aerobic bacteria

Front 51

In the TCA, the NADH/FADH2 is produced due to what initial event involving what molecule?

Back 51

Oxidation of Acetyl-CoA

Front 52

In Anabolic reactions, E. coli can synthesize ALL cellular components from what? x6

Back 52

Glucose

P source
N source
S source

Some Trace Metals
Some Salts

Front 53

What is the causative agent for Syphilis?

Back 53

Treponema Palidum

Front 54

Treponema Palidum MUST be grown where?

Back 54

Rabbit testicles

Front 55

What is the causative agent for Leprosy?

Back 55

Mycobacterium Leprae

Front 56

Mycobacterium Leprae can ONLY be grown where?

Back 56

Armadillo feet

Front 57

Compare energy yields of Fermentation vs. Respiration

Back 57

Fermentation --> 2 ATP / mole of glucose
(EMP)

Respiration --> 38 ATP / mole of glucose

Front 58

Primary goal of Fermentation generally?

Back 58

Recycle the NADH from Glycolysis to NAD

Front 59

In Fermentation, is the end product always the same for all?

Back 59

NO

End product depends on bacterial species

Front 60

Anaerobe organisms utilize what to recycle NADH to NAD?

Back 60

Fermentation

or

ANAEROBIC Respiration

Front 61

What is 'Anaerobic Respiration?'

Back 61

Use of Electron Acceptors other than O2

Front 62

In general what are the basic requirements for growth in bacteria in terms of Inorganic substances? x6

Back 62

P
Mg
S
Trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, etc)
N
K

Front 63

Besides Inorganic compounds, what else is needed for growth as a basic requirement?

Back 63

Vitamins & Growth Factor