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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Trauma is the leading cause of death in which group of people?
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Under 40 y.o.
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What are the most common injuries?
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Limb injuries
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What the the most lethal injuries?
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Head and visceral injuries
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What is the leading cause of accidental deaths?
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MVA
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What is the leading cause of non-fatal injury?
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Falls
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What is the trimodal distribution of death and describe each.
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1. Death within minutes --> lethal injury resulting in death at scene of accident.
2. Death in first hour --> life threatening injury requiring urgent attention. 3. Death in days/weeks --> resulting from complications of initial injury sustained. |
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When is the most trauma death seen?
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During first hour.
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When is the second peak of trauma mortality and why death?
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Between 1-4 hours. Mainly b/c of blood loss "golden hour." Death can be prevented.
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When is the golden hour?
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During 1-4 hours..
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When is the final peak for trauma mortality and why?
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2 weeks and beyond b/c of late complication (e.g. - organ failure)
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What are the steps of Initial assessment?
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1. Resuscitation
2. Primary Survey 3. Detailed Secondary survey 4. Initiation of definitive care. |
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What are the components of the primary survey? x 5
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A. Airway maintenance with cervical spine control.
B. Breathing and ventilation C. Circulation D. Disability (neurological status) E. Exposure |
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Secondary survey defined.
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Detailed head to toe examination of the patient undertaken after the patient has been resuscitated and stabilized.
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What are the components of the secondary survey?
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A - Allergies
M - Meds P - Pertinent Past Medical Hx L - Last time for food/drink E - Events/environments related to injury |
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Treatment stages of trauma patients. x 5
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1. Tx at scene of accident (EMS)
2. Eval. and resuscitation in ED. 3. Early Tx. of Chest and Abd. 4. Tx. of musculoskeletal injuries. 5. Long term rehabilitation |
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What are the components of MESS criteria with point values.
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Shock --------------(2pts)
Energy of Trauma ---(4pts) Age ----------------(2pts) Limb Ischemia ------(3pts) |
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What is the MESS criteria for primary amputation.
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6 pts
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For fx, the only demand for tx is? x2
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1. Vascular compromise due to position
2. Hemorrhage from an open fx |
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For fx, what should be applied for stopping hemorrhage?
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Sterile pressure dressings.....and NOT tourniquets.
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For Fx treatment, what should be removed?
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Rings and constricting jewelry
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How should the fx be stabilized?
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Stabilized in anatomical position.
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T/F - Force is sometimes necessary for fx reduction.
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FALSE - It is rarely necessary for the reduction of a fx and represents an error in technique or an unrecognized anatomical obstruction.
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For fx involving joint surface, what is essential?
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Accurate reduction, though this may not always be possible.
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For fx tx, when and what do you immobilize?
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Only the injured part after reduction. Preferably one joint rather than more.
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When do you begin exercise of non-injured joints?
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Immediately.
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Define sprains
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stretching or partial tear of supporting structures of a joint
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Define strains
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Stretching or partial tear of a muscle
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How do you differentiate between sprains and strains from fractures and complete ruptures? x2
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1. X-ray (for fx)
2. P.E. and MRI (for complete rupture. |
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Define dislocation.
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When joint surfaces are completely displaced and are no longer in contact.
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Define subluxation.
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Implies a lesser degree of displacement such that the articular surfaces are still partly apposed.
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How should dislocation/subluxations be reduced?
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Promptly
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When will relief of dislocation/subluxation occur?
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Only with reduction of dislocation
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What is the most frequent dislocated joint?
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Shoulder
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Fracture defined.
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Disruption in the continuity of bone.
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Fx occur b/c of what? x3
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1. Repetitive stress
2. Abnormal weakening of bone 3. Traumatic events |
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What is the only tissue in the body that heals without a scar?
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Bone.
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Fx description should also match what?
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X-ray description
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Criteria for Fx classification and description. x4
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1. Orientation/extent of fx line.
2. Location on bone 3. Displacement amount of fx fragments. 4. Integrity of skin and soft tissue around fx. |
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Fx classification. x5
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1. Comminuted
2. Transverse 3. Oblique 4. Spiral 5. Segmented |
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Define transverse fx.
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Fx that is perpendicular to the shaft of the bone.
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Define oblique fx.
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Angulated fracture line
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Define spiral fx.
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A multiplanar and complex fx line.
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Define comminuted fx.
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More than two fx fragments
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Define segmental fx.
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A completely separate segment of bone bordered by fx lines.
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