M1 Physio: Grider's Stuff

Front 1

What are the four mechanisms of control for the GI tract?

Back 1

- neural (neurocrine)
- endocrine
- paracrine
- autocrine
p. 490

Front 2

The [ extrinsic / intrinisic ] nervous system is reffered to also as the Enteric Nervous System (ENS).

Back 2

Intrinisic , unique to the GI tract

Front 3

True or False:
Neurocrine control provides a more generalized system for GI stimulation compared to hormonal/endocrine control.

Back 3

FALSE. Hormonal / endocrine control provides a more generalized system of GI stimulation! Neurocrine provides specific stimulation of discrete areas.

Front 4

Which type of GI control mechanism is the most important mode of action for growth factors?
A. neurocrine
B. endocrine
C. paracrine
D. autocrine

Back 4

D. autocrine

Front 5

Review:
Which has long preganglions and short postganglions: sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Back 5

Parasympathetic!
Nuerotrans:
pregangs = Ach
postgangs = Ach or others

Front 6

Regarding the parasympathetic nervous system in GI, where do the preganglionic fibers of the esophagus come from?
(H for choices)

Back 6

A. originate in Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus (DMV) --> travel in the vagus nerve (CN X)

Hint 6

A. originate in Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus (DMV) --> travel in the vagus nerve (CN X)
B. originate in the sacral division of spinal cord (S2-4) and travel in the pelvic nerve

Front 7

Regarding the parasympathetic nervous system in GI, where do the preganglionic fibers of the colon, rectum and anus come from?
(H for choices)

Back 7

B. originate in the sacral division of spinal cord (S2-4) and travel in the pelvic nerve

Hint 7

A. originate in Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus (DMV) --> travel in the vagus nerve (CN X)
B. originate in the sacral division of spinal cord (S2-4) and travel in the pelvic nerve

Front 8

Review:
The sympathetic nervous system has [ short / long ] preganglionics and [ short / long ] postganglionics.

Back 8

short preganglionics; long post

Front 9

Where do sympathetic nervous system preganglionics originate from? What do they pass through? Where does the synapsing with postganglionics occur? And where do most end up?

Back 9

thoracic /lumbar portion of spinal cord --> paravertebral/ chain ganglia --> prevertebral ganglia (celiac, superior, inferior mesenteric ganglia) --> enteric nervous system

Front 10

Sympathetic nervous system pregang neurotransmitters = ____ postgang neurotransmitters = ____ .

Back 10

pregang = Ach
postgang = mostly NE

Front 11

What two things does sympathetic stimulation do to GI? (H for hint)

Back 11

inhibits motility ; contracts smooth muscle sphincters. Both prevent movement of chyme thru gut!

Hint 11

regarding motility and sphincters

Front 12

What are the three types of afferent nerves- those that detect sensory information from various layers of the gut?

Back 12

1. Vagal afferent fibers (connects gut to Vagal complex)
2. Extrinsic primary afferent neurons (connects gut to prevertebral ganglion and spinal cord)
3. Intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) p. 495

Front 13

Match where each afferent nerve originates from.
1. Vagal afferent fibers
2. Extrinsic Primary afferent neurons
3. Intrinsic Primary afferent neurons (IPANs)

A. Dorsal Root Ganglion
B. Enteric system (myenteric and submucosal plexi)
C. Nodose ganglion

Back 13

1. Vagal afferent fibers =
C. Nodose ganglion
2. Extrinsic Primary afferent neurons = A. Dorsal Root Ganglion
3. Intrinsic Primary afferent neurons (IPANs) = B. Enteric system (myenteric and submucosal plexi) p. 495

Front 14

Long arc reflexes using the parasympathetic nervous system are generally excitatory. Which of the following is an example of one of these reflexes?
A. Intestino-Intestinal Reflex
B. Peristaltic Reflex
C. VagoVagal Reflex

Back 14

C. VagoVagal Reflex
both afferent and efferent neurons are in the vagus nerve. The vagal efferents end on the neurons of the enteric nervous system

Front 15

Long arc reflexes using the sympathetic nervous system are generally inhibitory. Which of the following is an example of one of these reflexes?
A. Intestino-Intestinal Reflex
B. Peristaltic Reflex
C. VagoVagal Reflex

Back 15

A. Intestino-Intestinal Reflex

Front 16

Short arc reflexes utilize the enteric nervous system. Which of the following is an example of one of these reflexes?
A. Intestino-Intestinal Reflex
B. Peristaltic Reflex
C. VagoVagal Reflex

Back 16

B. Peristaltic Reflex

Neuronal cell bodies are within the walls of the gut. ENS operates independently from CNS. Afferent and efferent neurons are within the ENS. p. 499

Front 17

ENS neurons act as postganglionic neurons of the [ parasympathetic / sympathetic ] nervous system and as the end organ of [ parasympathetic / sympathetic ] nervous system.

Back 17

postganglionics for parasympathetics ; end organ for sympathetic nervous system
p. 500

Front 18

True or False:
Intestinofugal or viscerofugal neurons project axons to the prevertebral ganglia.

Back 18

True

p. 500

Front 19

Which neurotransmitter(s) found in enteric neurons is/are described:
- stimulates both increased smooth muscle contraction and secretions from cells and glands
A. Ach
B. Enkephalins (opiod peptides)
C. Tachykinins (TK) - substance P and neurokininA
D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
E. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)
F. Somatostatin
G. Nitric oxide

Back 19

A. Ach

Found in excitatory motor neurons and interneurons.
p. 500

Front 20

Which neurotransmitter(s) found in enteric neurons is/are described:
- generally inhibitory and restrains release of Ach from enteric neurons

A. Ach
B. Enkephalins (opiod peptides)
C. Tachykinins (TK) - substance P and neurokininA
D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
E. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)
F. Somatostatin
G. Nitric oxide

Back 20

B. Enkephalins (opiod peptides)

Found mainly in interneurons.

p. 500

Front 21

Which neurotransmitter(s) found in enteric neurons is/are described:
- Major contractile transmitter mediating non-cholinergic responses

A. Ach
B. Enkephalins (opiod peptides)
C. Tachykinins (TK) - substance P and neurokininA
D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
E. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)
F. Somatostatin
G. Nitric oxide

Back 21

C. Tachykinins (TK) - substance P and neurokininA

Found in excitatory motor neurons and interneurons.

p. 500

Front 22

Which neurotransmitter(s) found in enteric neurons is/are described:
- major relaxant transmitter for smooth muscle and excitatory transmitter for secretory cells

A. Ach
B. Enkephalins (opiod peptides)
C. Tachykinins (TK) - substance P and neurokininA
D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
E. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)
F. Somatostatin
G. Nitric oxide

Back 22

D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

Found in inhibitory motor neurons and excitatory secretomotor neurons.

p. 500

Front 23

Which neurotransmitter(s) found in enteric neurons is/are described:
- found in long interneurons of the intestine and in gastric enteric neurons that stimulate acid secretion and gastrin secretion

A. Ach
B. Enkephalins (opiod peptides)
C. Tachykinins (TK) - substance P and neurokininA
D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
E. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)
F. Somatostatin
G. Nitric oxide

Back 23

E. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)

p. 500

Front 24

Which neurotransmitter(s) found in enteric neurons is/are described:
- major inhibitory transmitter of the gut

A. Ach
B. Enkephalins (opiod peptides)
C. Tachykinins (TK) - substance P and neurokininA
D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
E. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)
F. Somatostatin
G. Nitric oxide

Back 24

F. Somatostatin

Found in interneurons where it regulates the release of other neurotransmitters.

p. 500

Front 25

Which neurotransmitter(s) found in enteric neurons is/are described:
- Relaxant transmitter. gaseous transmitter made on demand from L-Arginine by a certain synthase carrying its name

A. Ach
B. Enkephalins (opiod peptides)
C. Tachykinins (TK) - substance P and neurokininA
D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
E. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)
F. Somatostatin
G. Nitric oxide

Back 25

G. Nitric oxide

p. 500

Front 26

Which two of the neurotransmitters found in enteric neurons are found in the same place- excitatory motor neurons and interneurons- and are actually found together and how much of the ENS do they make up?

A. Ach
B. Enkephalins (opiod peptides)
C. Tachykinins (TK) - substance P and neurokininA
D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
E. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)
F. Somatostatin
G. Nitric oxide

Back 26

A. Ach and C. Tachykinins ; make up 40-50% of ENS

p. 500

Front 27

All VIP neurons contain _____ and account for 20-30% of all ENS neurons.

Back 27

Nitric oxide

p. 500

Front 28

Most tachykinin neurons also contain ______ and account for 40-50% of all ENS neurons.

Back 28

Ach

p. 500

Front 29

Which is responsible for control of muscle activity and which for control of secretion?
A. Submucosal plexus
B. Myenteric plexus

Back 29

A. submucosal = control of secretion
B. myenteric = control of muscle activity p. 501

Front 30

All gut hormones posses two characteristics. What are they?

Back 30

All are:
- polypeptides (water soluble)
- amidated on the C-terminal end (how they are "found" experimentally)
p. 501

Front 31

Which of the following stimulates gastrin release?
A. Protein
B. Fat
C. Carbohydrates
D. Acid
E. Distension
F. Vagal stimulation

Back 31

A. Protein
E. Distension
F. Vagal stimulation

p. 502

Front 32

Which of the following stimulates CCK release?
A. Protein
B. Fat
C. Carbohydrates
D. Acid
E. Distension
F. Vagal stimulation

Back 32

Primarily A. Protein and B. Fat. Secondarily, D. Acid p. 501

Front 33

Which of the following stimulates Secretin release?
A. Protein
B. Fat
C. Carbohydrates
D. Acid
E. Distension
F. Vagal stimulation

Back 33

Primarily, D. Acid
Secondarily, B. Fat
p. 501

Front 34

Which of the following stimulates glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) release?
A. Protein
B. Fat
C. Carbohydrates
D. Acid
E. Distension
F. Vagal stimulation

Back 34

A. Protein
B. Fat
C. Carbohydrates
p. 501

Front 35

What are the two important physiological actions of gastrin?
A. Acid secretion
B. Gallbladder Contraction
C. Insulin release
D. Mucosal Growth

Back 35

Gastrin is secreted in the distal stomach, so knowing that, it would work to:
A. Acid secretion
D. Mucosal Growth
p. 502

Front 36

What are the three important physiological actions of CCK?
A. Pancreatic HCO3 secretion
B. Pancreatic Enzyme secretion
C. Gallbladder contraction
D. Gastric emptying
E. Pancreatic Growth

Back 36

B. Pancreatic Enzyme secretion
C. Gallbladder contraction
E. Pancreatic Growth

Note: CCK actually inhibits D. Gastric emptying!!
p .502

Front 37

What are the three important physiological actions of Secretin?
A. Acid secretion
B. Pancreatic HCO3 secretion
C. Pancreatic Enzyme secretion
D. Bile HCO3 secretion
E. Gastric Emptying
F. Pancreatic growth

Back 37

B. Pancreatic HCO3 secretion
D. Bile HCO3 secretion
F. Pancreatic growth

Note: Acid secretion and gastric emptying actually inhibits secretin release.
p. 502

Front 38

What is the important physiological action of glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptid (GIP)?
A. Acid Secretion
B. Insulin Release
C. Pancreatic Growth

Back 38

B. Insulin Release

Note: actually inhibited by acid secretion

p. 502