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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Why is glycogen more advantageous than fat? X 3
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1.) Fat is not MOBILIZED as quickly.
2.) Fat can not provide energy under ANAEROBIC conditions. 3.) Fat can not be easily converted to glucose to BUFFER blood glucose. |
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What is the problem with storing glucose monomers?
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It would require such a high concentration in the cell, that the cell would BURST from osmotic pressure.
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Why is glycogen more advantageous than glucose monomers? X 1
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Glycogen reserves in intracellular would cause NO OSMOTIC pressure problems
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Define glycogen in terms of its structure.
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Branched chain homopolymer of D-glucose
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T/F - Synthesis of glycogen requires ATP only.
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False. Requires ATP and UTP.
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How much glycogen is in resting muscle?
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400 grams (1 - 2% net weight)
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How much glycogen is in the "fed" liver?
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100 grams (6 - 8% net weight)
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Weight of glycogen molecule.
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100 million daltons
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How do glycogens exist in the cell's cytoplasm.
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GRANULES
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What does a granule contain?
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Enzymes for glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
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What are the steps involved in glycogen synthesis, not including enzymes?
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1.) Isomerization
2.) Activation by UTP 3.) Priming by Glycogenin 4.) Extention by Glycogen Synthase. 5.) Branching |
When I need me some suga.
I Am Pimping Every Bitch, Every Bitch, Every Bitch. |
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In the isomerization step of glycogen synthesis, what is the enzyme that is needed?
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Phosphoglucomutase
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Mutation from glucose 6 phosphate to glucose 1 phosphate.
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In the activation step of glycogen synthesis, what is the enzyme that it needed?
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UDP-glucose phosphorylase
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UTP and Glucose 1 Phosphate are coming together, while releasing pyrophosphate
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In the priming step of glycogen synthesis, what is the enzyme that is needed?
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Glycogenin
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In the extension step of glycogen synthesis, what is the enzyme that is needed?
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Glycogen synthase
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In the branching step of glycogen synthesis, what is the enzyme that is required?
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Glycosyl (4-6) transferase
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Where do you see ATP investment in glycogen synthesis?
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Going from glucose to glucose 6 phosphate.
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Where do you see UTP investment in glycogen synthesis?
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In the activation step
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Glyogen synthesis is driven by what subsequent reaction?
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Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate.
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UTP loses a pyrophosphate, but how is it still a UDP (and not a UMP)?
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Uses the P from glucose 1 phosphate
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What is a self-glucosylating enzyme?
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Glycogenin
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Where does glycogenin add glucose?
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On TYROSINE 194 of protein
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Where does glycogenin TIE the glucose to?
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What primes the function of glycogen synthase?
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Glycogenin attached to eight glucose molecules.
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Explain the mechanism of glycogen extention?
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In the presence of glycogen synthase, the anomeric carbon(C1) of UDP-glucose forms a glycosidic bond with the hydroxyl oxygen on the reducing end (C4) of the glycogen chain.
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Explain the mechanism of glycogen branching.
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Glycosyl (4-6) transferase will break a large linear chunk to a Carbon 6 location creating a (alpha 1-6) branchpoint
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Describe how glycogenin and glycogen synthase work together. 5 steps.
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1.) Glycogenin associates with glucose via UDP-glucose.
2.) Glycogen than associates with glycogen synthase. 3.) The glucose chain is extended to eight. 4.) Glycogen synthase takes over; dissociating from glycogenin, and extending linear glycogen. 5.) Branching occurs; afterwhich glycogen synthase falls off, while glycogenin remains attached. |
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UDP-glucose is also starting point for what? X 2
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1.) Glucuronic acid transfer
2.) Ascorbic acid synthesis |
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What are the effects of branching in glycogen? X 3
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1.) Increase reaction (b/c 2 reducing ends)
2.) Increase density of polymer 3.) Increase hydration/solubility of polymer. |
There have been an increase in HD tv REACTIONS
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