Lyons Nsu-Phs4904 Review Exam 1

Front 1

which Ach receptors cause an indirect affect on cell?

Back 1

muscarinic receptors

Front 2

which Ach receptors cause a direct affect on cell?

Back 2

nicotinic receptors

Front 3

which receptors are usually found in the brain, ganglia, skeletal muscle fibers, neuromuscular junctions?

Back 3

nicotinic receptors

Front 4

which receptors are usually found smooth & cardiac muscles, glands, & other parts of brain?

Back 4

muscarinic receptors

Front 5

which receptors are associated with G protein activation?

Back 5

muscarinic

Front 6

muscarinic receptors cause an excitatory affect in _______

Back 6

smooth muscle (contract)

Front 7

muscarinic receptors cause an inhibitory affect in ______

Back 7

heart cardiac (slows)

Front 8

how does G protein activate?

Back 8

binding of muscarine activates

Front 9

what happens when alpha disassociates?

Back 9

binds & activates (AC) adenylate cyclase, which generates cAMP (with the help of ATP), cAMP activates protein Kinase which phosphorolates an ion ch to open

Front 10

which ion are muscarinic receptors associated with that cause EPSP or IPSP?

Back 10

K+

Front 11

voltage gated chs are found in _____

Back 11

axons

Front 12

chemically regulated chs are found in _____

Back 12

post synaptic mb

Front 13

voltage regulated chs open in response to _______

Back 13

depolarization

Front 14

what do chemically regulated chs open in response to?

Back 14

binding of postsynaptic receptors to their neurotransmitter ligand

Front 15

VGCCs open in response to ______

Back 15

AP

Front 16

in presynaptic terminal Ca+ binds to _______

Back 16

sensor protein synaptotagamin

Front 17

Synaptotagamin/Ca+ complex activates ______ to bind with snare complex on presynaptic mb

Back 17

neurotransmitter ligand (in synaptic vesicles)

Front 18

what happens after neurotransmitters Ligand attach snare complex?

Back 18

snare complex disassociates & fusion exocytosis of Ligand neurotrans occurs into synaptic cleft

Front 19

when neurotrans Ligand is released into presynaptic cleft, it then ______

Back 19

binds receptor protein on postsynaptic terminal mb

Front 20

if synapse is ionotropic, receptor for Ligand is _______

Back 20

ligand gated ion channel

Front 21

the binding of neurotrans Ligand to ligand gated ion ch will _____

Back 21

open and produce local change in Vm

Front 22

what will cause depolarization if neurotrans Ligand binds ligand gated ion ch?

Back 22

+ ion (Na+/Ca+) enter, depolarization, EPSP, & if a lot Nt Ligand then possible AP produced

Front 23

how does Ca+ play a role in inhibiting AP?

Back 23

Nt Ligand binds ligand gated ion ch & if Cl- enters causes hyperpolarization IPSP

Front 24

neurotransmitters are considered _________

Back 24

ligands

Front 25

drugs that activate receptor proteins are called _______

Back 25

agonists

Front 26

drugs that inactivate receptor proteins are called _____

Back 26

antagonists

Front 27

for ion chs that are ligand gated the receptor protein is _____

Back 27

also ion ch

Front 28

what is the most common synapse?

Back 28

axodendritic synapse

Front 29

in the CNS the synapses are _____(3)

Back 29

axodendritic, axoaxonic, & axosomatic

Front 30

in the PNS the synapses are neurons connected to ______(3)

Back 30

another neuron, a gland, or muscle (neuromuscular junction)

Front 31

________synapses are electrically coupled together (2 cells)

Back 31

electrical

Front 32

where are gap junctions found?

Back 32

joining electrical synapses

Front 33

what allows cytoplasmic continuity & functional syncytia?

Back 33

gap junctions between electrical synapse

Front 34

where are CAMs found?

Back 34

betw chemical synapse- help hold 2 terminals close

Front 35

when an impulse is initiated at dendrites, this is called ______

Back 35

axodendritic synapse (most common)

Front 36

where are receptors in axodendritic synapse?

Back 36

dendrites

Front 37

where can an AP be produced in an axodendritic synapse?

Back 37

initial segment of axon (hillock)

Front 38

is impulse decremental in axodendritic synapse?

Back 38

yes, not an AP yet so it is decremental

Front 39

where are voltage gated Ca+ chs found?

Back 39

in presynaptic terminal

Front 40

where are chemically regulated Ca+ chs found?

Back 40

postsynaptic mb

Front 41

voltage gated Ca+ chs open in response to ______

Back 41

AP

Front 42

chemically gated Ca+ chs open in response to ______

Back 42

binding of ligand to ligand gated ion ch receptor

Front 43

the postsynaptic terminal is located on _____

Back 43

dendrites and cell bodies

Front 44

the presynaptic terminal is located _____

Back 44

on axon terminal

Front 45

the maintenance, survivability, embryonic dev, & injury response are functions of __(3)

Back 45

neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, & GDNF

Front 46

neurotrophins are _____

Back 46

growth factors (NGF, BDNF, GDNF)

Front 47

astrocytes are joined together through ____

Back 47

gap junctions

Front 48

what is bidirectional communication

Back 48

when astrocytes turn glutamate (in brain) into glutamine, return to brain & axon turns glutamine into glutamate again

Front 49

glutamate is released in brain by _____

Back 49

axon

Front 50

_____ is an excitatory neurotrans in brain & exotoxicity can cause seizure

Back 50

glutamate

Front 51

how does Ca+ wave occur?

Back 51

neuron releases ATP by an astrocyte causes increase Ca+ conc in astrocyte, dominoes

Front 52

a high conc of _____ & _____ are dangerous in brain

Back 52

K+ and glutamate

Front 53

______ function in the removal of extracellular K+ in brain

Back 53

astrocytes

Front 54

votage gated Na+ & K+ chs are found in _____

Back 54

along axon (if myelinated only at nodes of R along axon)

Front 55

the 2nd msgr system is ______ signaling

Back 55

metabotropic

Front 56

K+ is mainly associated with ____ receptor, whereas Na+ is mainly associated with _____

Back 56

K+ muscarinic receptor,
Na+ Nicotinic receptor

Front 57

_____ binds nicotinic receptor & Na+ rushes into cell

Back 57

2 Ach

Front 58

is AP conducted when 2 Ach bind nicotinic receptors?

Back 58

if threshold is reached after Na+ rushes into cell

Front 59

neuromuscular junction is a synapse in the _____nervous system

Back 59

PNS

Front 60

where do EPSPs occur?

Back 60

dendrites & cell body

Front 61

tetrodotoxin inhibits ______

Back 61

AP

Front 62

curare inhibits ______

Back 62

EPSPs

Front 63

the receptor/ligand interaction is transient. what does this mean?

Back 63

that Ach/receptor complex disassociates after binding & can form & reform if Ach is avail

Front 64

what would happen if abundant amount of Ach in synaptic cleft?

Back 64

muscle contraction would cause flaccid paralysis

Front 65

what can inhibit the production of AchE?

Back 65

nerve gases

Front 66

what is curare used for?

Back 66

muscle relaxer

Front 67

what is myasthenia gravis?

Back 67

autoimmune destruction of Ach receptors. muscles cant contract, even for respiration- fatal

Front 68

what is responsible for breaking down Ach in the cleft?

Back 68

AchE

Front 69

how is myasthenia gravis treated?

Back 69

inhibit AchE from breaking down Ach so Ach receptors are used more efficiently bc there would be more Ach avail

Front 70

tetrodotoxin is found in _____

Back 70

puffer fish

Front 71

what are the affects of tetrodotoxin?

Back 71

voltage gated Na+ ch blocker. cant fire AP

Front 72

_____ disease involves loss of cholinergic neurons

Back 72

Alzheimers

Front 73

Alzheimers loss of cholinergic neurons causes _____& affects are____

Back 73

less Ach released- memory & difficulty concentrating

Front 74

what drug is an Ach inhibitor that improves alertness & works in CNS for Alzheimers?

Back 74

aricept

Front 75

catecholamines are a subclass of monoamine neurotrans named ___, ____, ____

Back 75

epinephrine, norepinephrine, & dopamine

Front 76

_____ is better classified as a hormone instead of neurotrans bc it is released into blood

Back 76

epinephrine

Front 77

epinephrine is produced in _____

Back 77

adrenal medulla and released into blood

Front 78

monoamines that are not catecholamines include _____(3)

Back 78

seratonin, melatonin, & histamine

Front 79

how can monoamine neurotransmitter release be turned on and off quickly?

Back 79

reuptake transporters or MAO (breaks down monoamines)

Front 80

what are MAOIs and where are they found?

Back 80

inhibits MAOs so neurotrans would accumulate. found in presynaptic terminal

Front 81

what would happen if a MAOI drug was administered to patient?

Back 81

increased release of neurotrans upon Ca+ entry used for treating depression

Front 82

what nt is the "happy transmitter" and is a derivative of triptophan?

Back 82

serotonin

Front 83

______ is used to treat pt's for mood, depression, anxiety, migranes, and suppress appetite

Back 83

serotonin

Front 84

_____ blocks the reuptake in serotonin, dopamine, & norepinephrine

Back 84

cocaine

Front 85

_____ effects are fine motor control (handwiriting) & is used to treat Parkinsons disease (too little dopamine), & schizophrenia

Back 85

dopamine

Front 86

where is dopamine located?

Back 86

midbrain

Front 87

what are the 2 pathways of dopamine?

Back 87

mesolimbic & nigrostriatal

Front 88

the mesolimbic pathway for dopamine is involved in ____ & ______

Back 88

reward and behavior

Front 89

the Nigrostriatal pathway for dopamine involves the ____ & is located at the _____ of the brain

Back 89

involves basil ganglia & located at substantia nigra

Front 90

alcohol, amphetamine, cocaine, THC, morphine, & nicotine all activate dopaminergic neurons of ______ system.

Back 90

mesolimbic

Front 91

______ has neuroleptic agents: Antischizophrenic drugs for Schizophrenia antagonize mesolimbic receptors

Back 91

dopamine

Front 92

degeneration of fibers this neuron generates results in Parkinson's disease:

Back 92

dopamine

Front 93

in PNS, _____ neurontrans are released from sympathetic fibers (fight/flight) smooth muscle, heart, & glands

Back 93

Norepinephrine NE

Front 94

in CNS drugs like amphetamine & tricyclic antidepressants affect _____ neurotrans

Back 94

norepinephrine NE

Front 95

in CNS amphetamine blocks reuptake & stimulates release of _____ neurotransmitter

Back 95

NE

Front 96

____ antidepressants increase NE levels.

Back 96

tricyclic

Front 97

neuropeptides are ______

Back 97

polypeptide neurotransmitters

Front 98

_______ is a neuropeptide involved in pain sensation ie. Lance Armstrong

Back 98

Substance P

Front 99

______ are receptors in brain relieve pain after exercise, childbirth. They produce Beta Endorphins, enkephalins, & dynorphins

Back 99

Endogenous Opoids

Front 100

______are endogenous chemicals that are lipid and bind in brain similar effects to THC.

Back 100

Endocannabinoids

Front 101

____ neurotrans is involved in fight/flight as well as depression

Back 101

norepinephrine

Front 102

Anandamide & Archadidonyl Glycerol (2AG) are the _____ portion of the __________

Back 102

lipid, endocannabinoids

Front 103

endocannabinoids bind _____ receptor

Back 103

Anandamide receptor

Front 104

______ are abundant, stimulate appetite, allow to erase unnecessary memories

Back 104

endocannabinoids

Front 105

this was the 1st gas to be identified as a neurotransmitter

Back 105

nitric oxide

Front 106

_____ neurotrans causes local vasodilation in vessels

Back 106

nitric oxide

Front 107

nitric oxide and CO2 trigger the production of ______

Back 107

cGMP (2nd msgr)

Front 108

_____ is released by some neurons that innervate GI tract, penis, respiratory tr, & cerebral vessels

Back 108

nitric oxide

Front 109

this drug increases the actions of nitric oxide:

Back 109

viagra

Front 110

drugs that stimulate _____ neurotrans can be administered to people with chest pain (helps dilate)

Back 110

nitric oxide

Front 111

________ are retrograde neurotransmitters.
➢ Inhibit presynaptic release
➢ Also inhibition of inhibitory neurons

Back 111

endocannabinoids

Front 112

___(2)__ are both excitatory AA neurotrans

Back 112

glutamate & aspertate

Front 113

what is the main excitatory neurotrans in the CNS?

Back 113

glutamate

Front 114

___(2)___ are the inhibitory AA neurotransmitters

Back 114

glycine, & GABA, (also poison strychnine is inhibitory but not neurotransmitter)

Front 115

glutamate receptors are _____meaning that they generate EPSPs

Back 115

ligand gated ion chs

Front 116

what are the 3 receptor subtypes for glutamate

Back 116

NMDA, AMPA, & kainate

Front 117

the binding of glutamate to this receptor is important for long term potentiation which is important for memory & learning:

Back 117

NMDA ligand gated ion ch

Front 118

in order for this ch to open, glutamate needs to bind _____ & a strong depolarization at the same time is required

Back 118

NMDA ligand gated ion ch

Front 119

the opening of ligand gated ion ch from the binding of NMDA and glutamate will allow ___ cells into the cell

Back 119

Na+ and Ca+

Front 120

the opening of ligand gated ion ch by the binding of glutamate & AMPA allows ___ into the cell

Back 120

Na+

Front 121

tbinding of glutamate & ____ opens ligand gated ion ch & allows Na+, & Ca+(slight amt) into cell, & allows K+ out of cell

Back 121

kainate

Front 122

Overactivity of Glutamate or Glutamate R's could result in ___

Back 122

seizure (Exotoxicity)

Front 123

_______ inhibitory effects are important in spinal cord because they help control skeletal muscle movements

Back 123

Glycine

Front 124

how do glycine and GABA inhibit?

Back 124

they bind their receptors which opens Cl- chs, hyperpolarizes post syn mb, & produce IPSP.

Front 125

what could happen is glycine receptors were blocked?

Back 125

fatal. I.e. Strychnine, (poison) blocks Glycine receptors causes spastic paralysis, resulting in inability to relax diaphragm, & asphyxiation.

Front 126

a decrease in Gabaergic (GABA) neurons is responsible for uncontrolled movements as seen in _____Disease.

Back 126

Huntington’s disease

Front 127

Diet can affect levels of this neurotransmitter because it is derived from tryptophan (milk turkey)

Back 127

serotonin

Front 128

Prozac, Paxil, & Zoloft are _______inhibitors and aim to elevate mood. (Antidepressants)

Back 128

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Front 129

these __(3)___ neurotrans elevate mood

Back 129

Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine

Front 130

what is the main neurotrans in the PNS?

Back 130

norepinephrine

Front 131

if you had too much ___ neurotrans you would be really tired often and it could lead to depression

Back 131

GABA

Front 132

barbituates, valium, xanex, ethanol, & some antiseizure drugs all bind ____ and can make a patient very tired & sleepy

Back 132

GABA

Front 133

_____ are retrograde polypeptide neurotrans- they release from postsyn & diffuse backward to axons of presyn & inhibit the presyn release or inhibit the inhibitors (GABA)

Back 133

endocannabinoids

Front 134

the summation of many EPSPs may be needed to produce a depolarization of sufficient magnitude to stimulate the postsyn to threshold. why?

Back 134

because the net effect of EPSPs are is reduced by hyperpolarization (IPSPs) which is produced by inhibitory neurons

Front 135

divergence of neural pathways can occur if axons have _____

Back 135

axon collaterals

Front 136

what is divergence?

Back 136

1 neuron synapses with many other neurons (via axon collaterals), can stimulate or inhibit them

Front 137

what is the pathway called when many axons makes a synapse with a single neuron?

Back 137

convergence

Front 138

EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold at axon hillock. Due to convergence (many axons synapse with 1 neuron)

Back 138

spatial summation

Front 139

______ is when a single synapse generates EPSPs at high rate. Each is generated before the last one decays, meaning they are addictive & can reach threshold

Back 139

temporal summation (temporal= relates to time)

Front 140

give an example of presynaptic inhibition

Back 140

an inhibitory neuron synapses on the presynaptic terminal of an excitatory neuron, thus inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters

Front 141

2 presyn neurons: 1 fires EPSPs & other fires IPSPs onto the cb of a postsyn cell. the sum of PSPs will either inhibit or fire AP. what is this an example of?

Back 141

postsyn inhibition

Front 142

in the spinal cord, the gray matter is composed of _____ & white matter is ______ (opposite of brain)

Back 142

gray- cell bodies & dendrites
white- myelinated axons

Front 143

the _____ of the spinal tracts transfers sensory in. (ascending)

Back 143

dorsal root

Front 144

the _____ of the spinal tracts transfers motor out (descending)

Back 144

ventral root

Front 145

the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the ______

Back 145

1st lumbar vert

Front 146

in the spinal cord, the ____ are in the center & _____ surrounds it

Back 146

center- cbs & dendrites (gray)
outer- myelinated axons (white)

Front 147

the ascending spinal tracts carry _____ info to the brain, while descending tracts carry ____info away from brain

Back 147

ascending-sensory to brain
descending- motor away from brain

Front 148

the ascending & descending fiber tracts are the _____ matter of the spinal cord

Back 148

white matter

Front 149

the spinothalamic tract carries info ____

Back 149

sensory- up the spinal cord to thalamus
prefix=spino
suffix=brain region

Front 150

in terms of names, the descending spinal tracts begin with ___ and end with ____

Back 150

prefix=brain region
suffix=spinal
I.e. corticospinal tracts

Front 151

the ____ spinal tracts carry information from skin receptors, propioreceptors, & visceral receptors

Back 151

ascending- sensory

Front 152

most ____ pathways decussate

Back 152

ascending- cross pathways & effect the other side I.e. medial leminiscal tract & spinalthalamic tract