Lymphatic System & Immunity

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responsible for draining excess interstitial fluid from tissues

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Lymphatic System

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? ? surrounds cells in tissues; its basically the liquid portion of plasma, minus a few bigger proteins

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Interstitial fluid

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Once the interstitial fluid enters the vessels of the lymphatic system it is called

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Lymph

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responsible for transport of dietary lipids

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Interstitial fluid

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responsible for carrying out immune responses against foreign cells and abnormal human cells

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Interstitial fluid

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during ? blood moves from arterioles to capillary beds to venules

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circulation

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substances in blood(nutrients, gases etc.) diffuse through ? ? to surrounding cells

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capillary walls

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the liquid portion of ? also exits capillaries to become interstitial fluid

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plasma

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? ? also needs to be re-circulated. it can be full of cellular wastes, debris and pathogens

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Interstitial fluid

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Interstitial fluid enters through the capillaries and leaves through the ? ?; It does not enter capillaries again

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lymph vessels

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? ? are "one way" vessels; They ONLY drain from tissues back to the heart

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Lymphatic vessels

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When new interstitial fluid enters a tissue, the pressure in the ? ? (space between cells) increases

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Interstitial space

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Excess interstiital fluid flows in the nearby ? ?

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lymphatic vessels

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Liquids always move from ? ? to areas of ? ?

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high pressure; lower pressure

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? ? are associated with blood capillary beds

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Lymphatic capillaries

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? ? join together to become lymphatic vessels

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Lymphatic capillaries

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? ? can refer to all vessels in the lymphatic system, or specifically, to the ones for me when lymphatic capillaries join together

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Lymphatic vessels

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These lymphatic vessels join together to form

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lymph trunks

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There are five principal lymph trunks in the body

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Lumbar trunks
Intestinal trunk
Bronchomediastinal trunk
Subclavian trunks
Jugular trunks

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? ? collect lymph from the lower limbs, abdominal wall and kidneys

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Lumbar trunks

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? ? collect lymph from stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, liver

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Intestinal trunk

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collect lymph from lungs, heart, thoracic wall

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Bronchomediastinal trunk

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collect lymph from upper limbs

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Subclavian trunks

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collect lymph from head and neck

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Jugular trunks

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From the trunks ? drains into 2 large channels; name the two channels

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Lymph
Left lymphatic duct
Right lymphatic duct

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? ? ? is very long, collects lymph from the lower body and the upper left side

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Left lymphatic duct

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? ? ? is much shorter and collects lymph from the upper right half of the body

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Right lymphatic duct

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? ? contain valves just like veins do

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Lymphatic vessels

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Pressure is not very high in ? ?

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Lymphatic vessels

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? assure that lymph can return to the heart against the force of gravity

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Valves

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Like blood in the veins, lymph is also moved through the ? ? ? and because of pressure changes in the thoracic cavity during respiration

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skeletal muscle pump

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If the flow of lymph is blocked for any reason,fluid can leak out into the surrounding interstitial space and cause swelling called

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Edema

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? occurs due to inactivity or because of parasitic worms blocking the lymphatic vessels

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Edema

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The lymphatic system is also responsible for transporting some ? from digested food

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lipids

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Most ? from digested food are transported in the blood by veins

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nutrients

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? can form large globules that are too big to enter the blood vessels of the small intestine during digestion

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Lipids

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Instead, some lipids enter specialized lymphatic vessels in the small intestine called ?

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lacteals

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When the lipids mix with lymph in the lacteals, a fluid called ? is formed

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chyle

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? refers to the body’s ability to fight off anything foreign that enters it

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Immunity

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? ? refers to the body’s inborn defenses
These are the first to respond to an infection

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Innate immunity

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name 5 things that destroy foreign material indiscriminately

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Neutrophils, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils

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? ? refers to the body’s ability to attack specific pathogens it encounters throughout its lifetime

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Adaptive Immunity

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Lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells) are responsible for this ? ?

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Adaptive Immunity

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? ? are responsible for immunity to extracellular pathogens (ones that live outside human cells)- Ex: Bacteria, fungi, free-floating viruses

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B-cells

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? ? are responsible for immunity to intracellular pathogens (ones that live inside human cells), and also destroy abnormal human cells
- Ex: Viruses, human tumor cells

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T-cells

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? ? can become specialized plasma cells, which produce antibodies in order to fight off a specific extracellular pathogen

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B-cells

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Some remain ? ? ?, which can persist for months or years and become plasma cells the next time the same pathogen is encountered

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memory B-cells

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? ? recognize abnormal human cells (or cells infected with a virus) with T-cell receptors on their surface.
Some become memory T-cells and survive for a while too!

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T-cells

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? ? ? are places where immune cells mature and immune responses occur

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Lymphatic Organs & tissues

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? ? ? are sites where the stem cells that are destined to become immune cells divide and become immunocompetent

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Primary lymphatic organs

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? means capable of mounting an immune response to a foreign cell

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Immunocompetent

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There are two primary lymphatic organs:

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Red Bone marrow
Thymus

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? ? ? B-cells mature here, and the precursors to T-cells are formed here

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Red Bone Marrow

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T-cell precursors become mature T-cells here ?

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Thymus

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Located superior to the heart in the mediastinum

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Thymus

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name 3 Secondary lymphatic organs

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Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Unencapsulated lymphatic tissue

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Thymus is surrounded by a capsule, and consists of a an ? ? and an ? ?

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outer cortex
inner medulla

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Pre-T cells (T-cell precursors) come from red bone marrow to mature in the ? ?

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Thymic cortex

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Only #% of these ever leave the cortex and enter the medulla, where they enter the bloodstream

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2%

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Any T-cells that recognize ? ? (parts of your own body’s cells) are destroyed in the process of ? ?

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self antigens; negative selection

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? ? are small, bean-shaped, encapsulated organs located along the lymphatic vessels in all parts of the body
- There are ~ 600 in total

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Lymph nodes

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? ? Usually occur in groups
- Ex: Inguinal lymph nodes in the groin,axillary lymph nodes in the armpit

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Lymph nodes

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They act as a kind of ? for the lymph fluid and destroy most pathogens that it carries

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“filter”

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The outer layer of connective tissue of lymph node, including the capsule, is called the ?

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Stroma

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? is the non-functional portion of the lymph node

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Stroma

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The inner, functional portion of the ? is the parenchyma.

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Lymph node

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The parenchyma of the lymph node is divided into 3 parts

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an outer cortex, inner cortex, and medulla

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The outer cortex contains collections of B-cells called ? or ?

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lymphatic nodules or lymphatic follicles

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The ? ? contains T-cells, which proliferate here to fight off intracellularinfections

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inner cortex

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The vessel arriving at a lymph node is called the ? ?

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Afferent vessel

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The vessel exiting the lymph node is called the ? ?

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Efferent vessel

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Remember, lymph nodes allow movement of lymph in only one direction...

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(towards the heart)

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Largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body is the ?

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Spleen

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this organ has a capsule, stroma and parenchyma, like the lymph nodes

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Spleen

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The parnechyma contains two types of tissue ? ? & ? ?

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White pulp and Red pulp

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Lymphatic tissue that contains B-cells, T-cells and macrophages is ? ?

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White pulp

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Site of removal of old red blood cells and platelets; also stores platelets in the adult is called
??

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Red pulp

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Masses of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the body are called ? ? ?

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Unencapsulated Lymphatic Tissue

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Unencapsulated Lymphatic Tissue is most often found where the body usually encounters ?

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pathogens

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Unencapsulated Lymphatic Tissue is most often found in these two places

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Digestive Tract and Mucous membranes

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Unencapsulated Lymphatic Tissue in digestive tract is called ? ?; located in the small intestine

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Peyer's patches

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Unencapsulated Lymphatic Tissue
in mucous membranes is called ? ? ? ?

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(MALT) mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

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? are an example of lymphatic tissue found inside the nose and mouth, where pathogens are often encountered from the air and from food

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Tonsils

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There are three types of tonsils

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Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Sublingual tonsils

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? ? also called the adenoid is located in the pharynx between the nasal cavity and mouth

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Pharyngeal tonsil

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? ? are located in the soft palate on either side of the base of the tongue

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Palatine tonsils

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? ? are located below the base of the tongue

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sublingual tonsils