Lymphatic System (Immune System)

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lymphatic system
(immune system)

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responsible for returning lost fluid and proteins to blood. fluid enters lymph capillaries. this lymph fluid is filtered in the lymph nodes filled with white blood cells that fight off infection

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two classes of cells in blood

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red blood cells (erythrocytes)
most numerous in blood contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen

White blood cells (leukocytes)
-larger than red blood cells
-phagocytic thus engulf envaders
*not confined in the vessels can enter interstitial fluid between cells. 5 types of them

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Platelets

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made of bone marrow and assist in blood clotting

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serotonin

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the neurotransmitter that initiates blood vessel constriction following an injury.

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two defense mechanism of the immune system

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specific and non-specific

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non-specific immune mechanism
-has 2 lines of defense.

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1st lines of defense:
physical barriers of the body ex.skin/mucous

2nd line of defense: white blood cells and the inflammatory response.

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phagocytosis

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is the ingestion of foreign particles

macrophages the largest phagocytic cells

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5 white blood cells

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1.monocytes (mature to macrophages)

2. neutrophiles: 70% of white blood cells

3.basophils

4.eosinophiles

5. lymphocytes

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inflammatory response

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blood supplied to the area is increased causing redness, heat and swelling.

Basophiles (white blood cell)
release histamine which triggers the inflammatory response

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Specific immune mechanism

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-antigens recognize specific foreign material and responds by destroying the invader(antibody).

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antibody

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also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses

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Imunity

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is the body's ability to recognize and destroy an antigen before it causes harm.
-two types of immunity active and passive

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Active immunity

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develops after the recovery from a disease or after a vaccination.

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passive immunity

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may be passed from one individual to another not permanent.

ex. immunity passed from mother to babies.

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antibodies

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are in a class of proteins called immunoglobulins.

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5 major classes of immunoglobulins

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1. lgM
2. lgG
3. lgA
4. lgD
5. lgE
easy lg + letter (G.A.M.E.D)

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2 main responses made by the body after exposure to an antigen

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1.humoral response
2.cell mediated response

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b cells

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lymphocytes from bone marrow

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humoral response

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B cells give rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies and memory cells. the antibodies defend against extracellular pathogens by binding to the antigen and making them an easy target for phagocytes to engulf an destroy.

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T cells

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lymphocytes from the thymus

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Cell-mediated response

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cells that have been infected activate T cells. these activated T cells defend against pathogens in the cells by binding to the infected cells and destroying them along with the antigen.

T cell receptors located on the T helper cells recognize antigens bound to the body's own cells.

T helper cells release lL-2 which stimulates other lymphocytes ( cytotoxic T and B cells)

Cytotoxic T cells kill infected host cells by recognizing specific antigens.

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Vaccines

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antigens given in small amounts to stimulate humoral and cell-mediated responses.
They also help memory cells recognize future expose to the antigen so antibodies can be produced much faster.