Lymphatic System Ch 13 -Mc-Grawhill 4Th Edition S Gunstream

Front 1

Functions of Lymphatic System

Back 1

1) Return excess interstitial fluid to blood
2) involved in absorption of fats via lacteals in digestive track
3) works with WBC to fight pathogens

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fat

Back 2

fat cannot leave intestine w/out being modified or in blood. goes thru lacteals to be diffused thru body

Front 3

Interstitial fluid

Back 3

transports stuff from tissues to venous system. fluid leaks from capillaries into tissue and picked up by Lymphatics. this process prevents edema

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Lymph

Back 4

name of fluid inside Lymphatic vessels (derived from blood plasma)
moves one way from bottom to heart
formed when plasma & blood proteins leak out of capillaries and enter interstitial space. osmotic pressure builds in interstitial space and causes more fluid to leak. excess fluid them moves into lymphatic capillaries (this prevents edema or swelling in body tissues

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Lymphatic Vessels

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one layer overlapping endothelial cells. Lymphatic capillaries merge to form lymphatic vessels. lymphatic vessels merge to from Lymp. Trunks

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Lymphatic Collecting Ducts

Back 6

R Lymphatic Duct and Thoracic duct. Lymph. trunks merge into these ducts. R Lymph duct drains R site of head and neck & R arm & shoulder and R thorax. Thoracic duct drains remainder of body.
These ducts empty into R or L Subclavian vein.

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Transport of Lymph

Back 7

dependent on outside forces. uses skeletal muscles and respiratory movements. has valves in vessels

Front 8

lymphatic Organs

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All are site of lymphocyte prod.
Vessels, nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus.
lymphocytes do migrate between lymph organs or thru blood to other sites

Front 9

Lymph Nodes

Back 9

Widely distributed along lymph vessels. consists of subunits called nodules. lymphocyte production sites,
4 afferent lymphatic vessels bringing lymph to node and 1 efferent drains node and takes fluid away

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Function of lymph nodes

Back 10

filtering and cleansing of lymph. Lymphocytes remove cancer cells and pathogens. Macrophages remove cellular debris, dead bacteria, viruses

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Tonsils

Back 11

lymphatic tissue under mucus of nasal/oral cavities. interception of pathogens.
three kinds - pharyangeal (adenoids) palatine & Lingual.

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Spleen

Back 12

Largest Lymphoid organ. in fetus - site of blood cell formation. in adult: cleanse/filters lymph, home of lymphs and macs, store supply of RBC and major site of RBC destruction of removal. Splenectomy

Front 13

Thymus

Back 13

Bilobed organ in mediastinum. decreases in size with age. home of T Cell Lymphocytes

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Immune System

Back 14

Protectcs body from pathologic bacteria, foreign tissue and cancer. consists of non-specific and specific immunity.

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Non Specific Resistance

Back 15

Protection against all pathogens/foriegn subs. (not directed at specific pathogen)

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non Specific Resistance Mechanisms

Back 16

Mechanical Barriers, chemical Barriers, Phagocytosis, inflammation & fever

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Mechanical Barrier

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Skin, mucous membranes, tears saliva, urine flow

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Chemical Actions

Back 18

various body chemicals and Lysozyme (destroys bacteria), gastic juice (low PH)

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Phagocytosis

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engulfing/destruction
carried out by monocytes (macrophages) & neutrophils.

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tissue macrophage system

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Fixed macrophages - remain in fixed position (ie bone marrow/spleen)
Wandering Macrophages- wander among tissues.

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Inflammation

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localized response to infection or injury. characterized by redness, pain, heat & Swelling.

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Pus
Fever

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accumulated mass of living & dead leukocytes and bacteria . cleaned up by phagocytes.
abnormally high fever funtions to inhibit growth of pathogens and increases rates of body processes that fight infection

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Immunity -Specific resistance

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directed at specific pathogens and foreign cells. has a memory once its seen it

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Lymphocyte specialization

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T cells form in bone marrow but move to thymus to mature
B cells formed in bone marrow, spleen or liver

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recognizing pathogens in specific resistence

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cells of each person have unique set of surface recognizing molecules called antigens. lymphocytes use this to recognize self vs non self. Each B and T cell has receptors that can bind only with a specific antigen

Front 26

Immune response -
first step &
two mechanisms

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first step is to recognize foreign antigen. antigen presenting cell engulfs pathogen and expresses part of antigen on its plasma membrane then a Helper T cell can bind that antigen to begin immune response
Antibody Mediated immunity or cell mediated immunity

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Antibody mediated immunity

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Method used by T cells, Macrophages & B cells.

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Antibody mediated immunity Antibodies

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B cell that is activated begins to divid and forms clone of B cells that all have same antigen receptor.
Clone contains plasma cells that produce antibodies against specific antigen. these antibodies are proteins called globulins. Antibodys form antigen-anti-body that mark pathogen for destruction .
Memory B cells allow for stronger response wiht another encounter.

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cell mediated Immunity

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Activated T cells form T Cell clones. Helper t cells stimulate clone formation. Killer T cells attack and destroy bad cells marked for destruction by releasing cytotoxin that ruptures cell membrane of target. cytokines released to attract other lymphocytes and macrophages

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6 basic ways antibodies function

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promote inflammation
promote phagocytosis
activate immune complement
stimulate apoptosis
agglutination
inactivate pathogen or toxin

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Immune responses Primary vs secondary

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Primary - first encounter
Secondary another invasion of same antigen. memory T cells and B cells launch more rapid intense response

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Immunity Mechanisms
Active/passive

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active- person directly involved. their own immune system produces antibodies needed
passive - person not directly involved, antibodies made by another organism and given to person

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naturally acquired active immunity

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person gets disease and recovers

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Artificially acquired active Immunity

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receives a vaccine of dead or weakened pathogens which triggers response that forms memory cells

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Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity

Back 35

infants receiving mother's antibodies thru placenta or breast milk
receiving injections of antibodies produced by another person or animal. short lived.

Front 36

lymphatic capillaries

Back 36

smallest lymph vessel
closed ended tubes within body tissue, one layer overlapping endothelial cells.