Lymphatic System And Immunity (Nonspecific)

Front 1

First Line of defense are what membranes?

Back 1

physical barriers and chemical barriers

Front 2

What types of Physical Barriers are there?

Back 2

epidermis, mucous, nose hairs, cilia in upper respiratory

Front 3

Epidermis does what for a physical barrier?

Back 3

they are closely packed, keratinized cells that shed periodically

Front 4

mucous membranes does what for physical barriers?

Back 4

mucus traps microbes and foreign substances

Front 5

what two types of chemical barriers are there?

Back 5

fluids and chemicals

Front 6

What type of fluids are a chemical barrier

Back 6

lacrimal fluid, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions, defecation and vomiting

Front 7

in lacrimal fluid, what enzyme breaks down bacteria?

Back 7

lysozyme

Front 8

Chemical barriers include what?

Back 8

sebaceous glands secrete sebum, perspiration, gastric juice, vaginal secretions

Front 9

What are interferons produced by?

Back 9

produced by lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts infected by viruses

Front 10

Why are interferons produced?

Back 10

to prevent replication in neighboring uninfected cells

Front 11

What is Complement?

Back 11

Proteins in blood plasma and plasma membranes

Front 12

Complement does what?

Back 12

enhance certain immune reactions, cytolysis of microbes, promotes phagocytosis, contributes to inflammation

Front 13

What are Iron-binding proteins?

Back 13

inhibit growth of bacteria by reducing available iron

Front 14

What are antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)?

Back 14

short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity

Front 15

What do antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) do?

Back 15

attract dendritic cells and mast cells that participate in immune response

Front 16

What are Natural Killer Cells?

Back 16

Lymphocytes, but not B or T cells

Front 17

What do Natural Killer Cells do?

Back 17

1. kill variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells

2. attack cell displaying abnormal or unusual plasma membranes proteins

3. release perforin or granzymes

Front 18

what is perforin?

Back 18

NKC release perforin attaches to target cell and inserted into plasma protein, it then creates holes to the point where interstitial fluid floods in and the cell explodes

Front 19

What is Granzymes?

Back 19

protein; makes the digestive enzymes go under apoptosis

Front 20

Is inflammation specific or nonspecific and what is it?

Back 20

nonspecific; defensive response of body to tissue damage

Front 21

The function of Inflammation is?

Back 21

dispose of microbs, prevent spread, and prepare site for tissue repair

Front 22

Stages of Inflammation?

Back 22

1.Vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeability

2. Emigration

3. Tissue Repair

Front 23

Vasodilation's function?

Back 23

increased diameter of arterioles allows more blood flow through area bringing supplies and removing debris

Front 24

Increased Permeability Function?

Back 24

substances normally retained in the blood are permitted to pass out - antibodies and clotting factors

Front 25

What are other factors of vasodilation and increased permeability of BV?

Back 25

Histamine, kinins, prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), complement

Front 26

What cells release Histamine?

Back 26

mast cells, basophils, platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages

Front 27

what does the emigration of phagocytes depend on?

Back 27

Chemotaxis

Front 28

What are the 5 stages of phagocytosis?

Back 28

1. chemotaxis

2. adherence

3. Ingestion

4. Digestion

5. Killing

Front 29

What is Chemotaxis?

Back 29

a chemically stimulated movement of phagocytes to a site of damage

Front 30

What chemicals attract phagocytes?

Back 30

invading microbes, WBC, damaged tissue cells, or activated complement proteins

Front 31

What is emigration?

Back 31

Neutrophils, or WBC, leave blood stream and squeeze between endothelial cells

Front 32

Do Neutrophils die in the early stages of infection?

Back 32

Yes

Front 33

What do monocytes change into and are they more potent than neutrophils?

Back 33

They change into macrophages and yes

Front 34

What is pus?

Back 34

pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue

Front 35

What cells are phagocytes?

Back 35

fixed macrophages, neutrophils, free macrophages, esoinophils, and monocytes

Front 36

what cell are considered "border guards" of the body?

Back 36

Natural Killer Cells

Front 37

what is the complement system?

Back 37

attacks and breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes, and stimulates inflammation

Front 38

the steps of inflammatory response

Back 38

1. blood flow increased

2. phagocytes activated

3. capillary permeability increased

4. complement activated

5. clotting reaction walls of region

6. regional temperature increased

7. specific defenses activated

Front 39

What is the function of non-specific phagocytes?

Back 39

remove cellular debris and respond to invasion by foreign pathogens

Front 40

What are the types of phagocytes?

Back 40

monocyte-macrophage system - fixed and free, microphages (neutrophils and esinophils)

Front 41

What cells are macrophages?

Back 41

fixed macrophages and monocytes

Front 42

What are neutrophil's function?

Back 42

"eat" invading bacteria and cellular debris

Front 43

What are Esinophil's function?

Back 43

target foreign cpds or pathogens coated with antibodies

Front 44

What 3 types of interferons are released?

Back 44

alpha, beta, and gamma

Front 45

what produces Alpha cells and what is Alpha cell's function?

Back 45

produced by leukocytes; attract/stimulate NK cells

Front 46

what produces Beta Cells and what is Beta Cell's function?

Back 46

secreted by fibroblasts; causes slow inflammation

Front 47

What produces Gamma Cells and What is Gamma cells function?

Back 47

secreted by T cells; Nk cells stimulate macrophage activity

Front 48

What is the function of the Complement system?

Back 48

destroy target cell membranes, stimulate inflammation, attract phagocytes, enhance phagocytosis

Front 49

What is the complement system?

Back 49

cascade of plasma complement proteins (C)

Front 50

What two pathways do the complement system interact on?

Back 50

Classical and Alternative

Front 51

What is the Classical Pathway?

Back 51

antibodies bind to antigens that initiates the proteins which then initiates phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation

Front 52

What is the Alternative Pathway?

Back 52

initiated by lipid-carbohydrate complexes on the surface of microbs and complement protein factors B, D, P - initiates the proteins

Front 53

What cells induce fever?

Back 53

pyrogens

Front 54

What is pyrogen's function?

Back 54

reset the hypothalamic thermostat and raise body temp

Front 55

What agents can act like pyrogens?

Back 55

pathogens, toxins, antigen-antibody complexes