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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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complex, organized fluid that fills the spaces between cells and is part of the EMC (extracellular matrix) Resembles blood plasma in composition with a lower percentage of protein Along with blood plasma, constitutes the extracellular fluid |
Interstitial fluid (IF) |
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Clear, watery- appearing fluid found in the lymphatic vessels Closely resembles blood plasma in composition but has a lower percentage of protein; isotonic Elevated protein concentration in thoracic duct lymph because of protein-rich lymph from the liver and small intestine |
Lymph (lymphatic fluid) |
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Two most important functions of the lymphatic system |
maintain fluid balance in the internal environment and promote body's immunity |
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Lymph vessels act as ---- to collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the venous blood just before it returns to the heart |
drains |
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Specialized component of the circulatory system; made up of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and isolated structures containing lymphoid tissue: lymph nodes, aggregated lymphoid nodules, tonsils, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow |
Lymphatic system |
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Lymphatic system transports |
tissue fluid, proteins, fats and other substances to the general circulation |
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lymphatic vessels begin: |
blindly in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues; do not form a closed circuit |
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microscopic blind-end vessels where lymphatic vessels originate; wall consists of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells; networks branch and anastomose freely |
Lymphatic capillaries |
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merge to form larger lymphatics and eventually form the main lymphatic trunks, the right lymphatic ducts and the thoracic duct |
Lymphatic capillaries |
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lymph from ---- empties into the right lymphatic duct and then into right subclavian vein |
upper right quadrant |
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Lymph from ---- empties into the thoracic duct, which then drains into left subclavian vein; thoracic duct originates as the cisterna chyli |
the rest of the body |
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Similar to veins except lymphatic vessels have thinner walls, have more valves and contain lymph nodes |
Lymphatic vessels |
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formed by a single layer of thin, flat endothelial cells |
Lymphatic capillary wall |
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As the ----- increases from capillary size, the walls become thicker and have three layers |
diameter of lymphatic vessels increases |
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Functions of the lymphatic vessels: |
remove high- molecular weight substances and even particulate matter from interstitial spaces
lacteals absorb fats and other nutrients from the small intestine |
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circulation of the lymph |
from lymphatic capillaries, lymph flows through progressively larger lymphatic vessels to eventually reenter blood at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins |
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the movement (flow) of lymph; can be visualized in a lymphanglogram |
lymphokinesis |
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Lymph moves through the system in the ----- direction as a result of the large number of valves |
right direction all goes up |
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breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions establish a ---- , as they do with venous blood |
fluid pressure gradient |
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activities that result in a central flow of lymph |
lymphokinetic actions |
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oval structures enclosed by a fibrous capsule a type of biological filter |
Lymph nodes |
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Once lymph enters a node, it moves slowly through ----- to drain into the efferent exit vessel |
sinuses |
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extend from the covering capsule toward the center of the node |
Trabeculae |
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---- and ----- sinuses are lined with specialized reticuloendothelial cells capable of phagocytosis |
cortical and medullary sinuses
(langerhan- skin, microglea- brain) |
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occur in groups location of groups with greatest clinical importance are submental and submaxillary groups, and superficial cervical, superficial cubital, axillary, iliac, and inguinal lymph nodes Preauricular lymph nodes located in front of the ear drain superficial tissues and skin on the lateral side of the head.
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Lymph nodes |
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Lymph nodes perform two distinct functions |
Defense functions - filtration: mechanical filtration- physically stops particles from progressing further in the body - biological filtration- biological activity of cells destroys and removes particles Phagocytosis- reticuloendothellal cells remove mocroorganisms and other injurious particles from lymph and phagocytose them (biological filtration)
Hematopoeisis- lymphoid tissue is site for final stages of maturation of some lymphocytes and monocytes |
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clinically important because cancer cells and infections can spread along lymphatic pathways to lymph nodes and other organs of the body |
lymphatic drainage of the breast |
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two sets of lymphatic vessels in the breast:
ones that drain_____ except the areola and nipple, and lymphatics that drain_____ as well as skin of areola and nipple |
the skin over the breast
substance of breast |
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located under areola surrounding nipple; where communication between cutaneous plexus and large lymphatics that drain the secretory tissue and ducts of the breast occurs
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Subareolar plexus
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more than __% of lymph from the breast enters lymph nodes of axillary region
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85%
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remainder of lymph enters lymph nodes along lateral edges of _____
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sternum
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form a broken ring (pharyngeal lymphoid) under the mucous membranes in the mouth and back of the throat
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tonsils
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located on each side of the throat
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palatine tonsils
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located near posterior opening of nasal cavity
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pharyngeal tonsils
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located near base of the tongue
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lingual tonsils
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protect against bacteria that may invade tissues around the openings between the nasal and oral cavities
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tonsils
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primary and central organ of lymphatic system. Single, unpaired organ located in the mediastinum, extending upward to lower edge of thyroid and inferiorly as far as fourth costal cartilage.
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Thymus
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Pinkish gray in childhood, becomes yellowish as lymphoid tissue is replaced by fat as we age
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thymus
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Medullary tissue of the thymus can be identified by presence of ___
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thymic corpuscles
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Thymus lobules are composed of dense ____ and an inner, less dense ____
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Celluar cortex
Medulla |
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Plays a vital role in immunity mechanism.
Source of lymphocytes before birth. Secretes thymosin and other regulators shortly after birth, which enables lymphocytes to develop into T cells |
Thymus
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located in the left hypochondrium, directly below diaphragm, above left kidney and descending colon, and behind fundus of stomach
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Spleen
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dense masses of developing lymphocytes
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white pulp
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near outer regions, made up of a network of fine reticular fibers submerged in blood that comes from nearby arterioles
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Red pulp
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surrounded by fibrous capsule with inward extensions that divide the organ into compartments
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spleen
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monocytes and lymphocytes complete their development in the spleen
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hematopoiesis
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RBC and platelet destruction: macrophages remove worn-out RBC's and imperfect platelets and destroy them by ____ . Also salvage ______ and _____ from destroyed RBC's
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phagocytosis
iron and globin |
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defense in the spleen: __________ remove microorganisms from blood and _________ them
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microphages
phagocytose |
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pulp of spleen and its sinuses store blood
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blood reservoir
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Organs with lymphocytes appear before birth and grow until_____
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puberty
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drains away excess water from large areas
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lymphatic system
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conducted through the lymphatic vessels to nodes, where contaminants are removed
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lymph
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benefits the whole body by maintaining fluid balance and promoting freedom from disease
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Lymphatic system
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