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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the three functions of the Lymphatic System? |
1. Maintenance of Fluid Balance 2. Absorption of Fats 3. Immunity |
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What forms the basis of lymphatic fluid? |
Tissue fluid left behind following capillary exchange |
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In which lymphatic organ do T-Cells mature? |
Thymus |
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What is the main function of lymph nodes? |
They remove pathogens + foreign material from lymphatic fluid. |
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Which important white blood cells travel throughout the bloodstream seeking out bacteria? |
Neutrophils |
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A tetanus shot creates what type of immunity? |
Artificial active immunity |
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How does the spleen contribute to immunity? |
It screens passing blood for foreign antigens |
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A substance capable of causing disease is called... |
An antigen |
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Which type of immunity uses T cells to destroy pathogens within a cell? |
Cellular immunity |
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Humoral immunity triggers the production of what to fight pathogens? |
Antibodies |
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Immunity that results when the body manufactures its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen. |
Active Immunity |
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Environmental substance that triggers an allergic response. |
Allergen |
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Severe, immediate hypersensitivity reaction affecting the entire body. |
Anaphylaxis |
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Substance produced by B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen. |
Antibody |
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Any molecule that triggers an immune response. |
Antigen |
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Immune response that targets foreign cells or host cells that have become infected with a pathogen. |
Cellular Immunity |
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The movement of white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemicals from the injured cells. |
Chemotaxis |
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A group of proteins in the blood that, through a cascade of chemical reactions, participate in nonspecific immunity. |
Complement |
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Process in which neutrophils enzymatically digest a portion of the capillary basement membrane, allowing them to leave the vessel + enter inflamed tissue. |
Diapedesis |
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Substance secreted by injured or irritated cells that produces local vasodilation, among other effects. |
Histamine |
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Immune response that uses antibodies to target pathogens outside the host cells. |
Humoral immunity |
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Increased blood flow to an area. |
Hyperemia |
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Antibodies |
Immunoglobulins |
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An immunological response to injury, infection, or allergy, marked by increases in regional blood flow, immigration of white blood cells, and release of chemical toxins. |
Inflammation |
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Protein released from virus-infected cells that helps protect nearby cells from invasion. |
Interferon |
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Clear, colorless fluid filling lymphatic capillaries. |
Lymph |
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Kidney-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that lie along lymphatic vessels. |
Lymph Nodes |
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Important phagocyte that remains fixed in strategic areas. |
Macrophage |
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Unique group of lymphocytes that continually roam the body seeking out pathogens or diseased cells. |
Natural Killer Cells |
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Phagocytes that accumulate rapidly at sites of acute injury. |
Neutrophils |
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First + Second lines of defense, immune response aimed at a broad range of pathogens. |
Nonspecific immunity |
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Immunity that results when someone receives antibodies from another person or animal. |
Passive immunity |
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Process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy microorganisms. |
Phagocytosis |
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Fever |
Pyrexia |
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The third line of defense; immune response targeted at a specific pathogen. |
Specific immunity |
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The body's largest lymphatic organ; contains masses of lymphocytes. |
Spleen |
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Lymphocytes that participate in both cellular + humoral immunity; also called T cells. |
T lymphocytes |
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Lymphoid organ where T cells mature; located in the mediastinal cavity. |
Thymus gland |
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Masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective circle at the back of the throat. |
Tonsils |
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What does the Lymphatic System consist of? |
Lymphatic Vessels Lymph (the fluid within the vessels) Lymphatic tissue Lymphatic organs |
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Lymphatic Vessels are found in almost every tissue, except for... |
Bone marrow Cartilage The central Nervous system |
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What are the tissues + organs of the lymphatic system? |
The lymph Nodes Thymus Tonsils Spleen Red bone marrow |
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This has a lower protein content than plasma... |
Lymph |
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-This is the clear, extracellular matrix liquid that accounts for 55% of blood. -It contains proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones + gases. |
Plasma |
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This may contain lipids, lymphocytes, hormones, bacteria, viruses + cellular debris. |
Lymph |
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As Lymphatic Vessels progress on their path toward the heart, they converge to form larger + larger vessels. Periodically, the vessels empty into _________, where immune cells phagocytize bacteria. |
Lymph Nodes |
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Lymphatic nodules residing in the small intestine. |
Peyer's patches |
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Red bone marrow + the thymus are called... |
Primary lymphatic organs |
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These provide a location for B + T lymphocytes to mature. |
Primary lymphatic organs |
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The lymph Nodes, tonsils + spleen are called... |
Secondary lymphatic organs |
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These contain lymphocytes that have matured in either the red bone marrow or the thymus. |
Secondary lymphatic organs |
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This lymphatic organ is located in the mediastinum. |
Thymus |
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At what age does the thymus begin to shrink? |
14 |
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What is the name of the hormone that the thymus produces that promotes the development of lymphocytes? |
Thymosin |
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Why does lymph slow as it passes through a node? |
So the node can remove pathogens + other foreign material. |
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Connective tissue that extends into the node, dividing it into compartments. |
Tribeculae |
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Compartments within a node that are filled with lymphocytes. |
Cortical nodes |
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A less dense area of the noises at the center of the compartments that form + release lymphocytes when an infection is present. |
Germinal centers |
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These, lined with macrophages capable of phagocytosis, separate the compartments. Lymph slowly flows through these in the process of being filtered... |
Sinuses |
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What are the names of the vessels that channel fluid into a node. |
Afferent lymphatic Vessels |
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After slowly filtering through the node, lymph leaves through a single _________. |
Efferent lymphatic vessel |
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What percentage of impurities do the lymph nodes remove before returning the fluid to the bloodstream? |
99% |
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The first lymph node reached by metastasizing cancer cells is called... |
Sentinel lymph node |
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What is the most common route for breast cancer to metastasize? |
Axillary lymph Nodes |
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What is it called when lymph accumulates in surrounding tissue, causing edema? |
Lymphedema |
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This lymphatic organ resides in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to the diaphragm, where it's protected by the lower ribs. |
The spleen |
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The spleen contains what two types of tissues? |
Red pulp + white pulp |
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This contains compact masses of lymphocytes + surrounds the arteries leading into each compartment of the spleen. |
White pulp |
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-This exists along the edges of the compartments within the spleen. -It consists of a network of erythrocyte-filled sinuses supported by a framework of reticular fibers + phagocytic cells. |
Red pulp |
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What are the functions of the spleen? |
1. Immunity 2. Destruction of old red blood cells 3. Blood storage 4. Hematopoiesis |
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External barriers, such as skin + mucous membranes, keep most of the pathogens we encounter at bay. This is known as... |
First line of defense |
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What is another name for nonspecific immunity? |
Innate immunity |
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This is when the body launches several mechanisms geared at repelling a wide variety of threats, including the production of phagocytic white blood cells + triggering inflammation + fever. This is called... |
Second line of defense |
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The response of the body aimed at a broad range of attackers, rather than one specific pathogen, is called... |
Nonspecific immunity |
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Why is nonspecific immunity also known as innate immunity? |
Because the mechanisms are present from birth, allowing the body to repel pathogens to which it has never been exposed. |
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Another name for third line of defense is called... |
Specific immunity |
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-This occurs when the body retains a memory of a pathogen after defeating it. -If exposed to the same pathogen in the future, the body can quickly recognize it, targeting a response at this one specific invader. |
Third line of defense |
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_________ or _________ activate complement, triggering a cascade of chemical reactions. The final group of proteins, called the _________ ________ __________, embed themselves into the bacterium's membrane in ring-like circles. |
1. Bacteria 2. Antibodies 3. Membrane attack complex |
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What are the two types of proteins that help provide nonspecific resistance against bacterial + viral invasion? |
Interferons + complement system |