Lymphatic And Immune System

Front 1

What are bacteria?

Back 1

Single celled, prokaryotic organisms.

Front 2

What are plasmids?

Back 2

Accessory rings of DNA.

Front 3

Typically bacteria reproduce by _____________, which is what?

Back 3

Binary fission, A reproduction process resulting in 2 cells that are identical to the original cell.

Front 4

What are viruses?

Back 4

Small, nonliving obligate parasites.

Front 5

How must viruses reproduce?

Back 5

Inside host cells.

Front 6

Viruses are acellular, which means what?

Back 6

They are not composed of cells.

Front 7

All viruses have a protein coat called a _________ with __________ (RNA or DNA) inside, Some have an _________.

Back 7

Capsid, nucleic acid, envelope.

Front 8

What are prions?

Back 8

Infectious protein particles.

Front 9

What do prions cause?

Back 9

Degenerative disease of the nervous system.

Front 10

What change a prions shape?

Back 10

Normal proteins.

Front 11

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

Back 11

Production maintenance and distribution of lymphocytes in the body.

Front 12

What do lymphatic capillaries do?

Back 12

Absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream.

Front 13

What do the lacteals in the small intestine do?

Back 13

The lacteal in the small intestine absorb fats associated with proteins.

Front 14

Lymphatic vessels are a one way valve system that carry what?

Back 14

Lymph.

Front 15

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

Back 15

Return fluid (water, solutes, and cell products) to the bloodstream.

Front 16

What are the two classifications of lymphatic organs and what organs are contained in those classifications?

Back 16

Primary: Red bone marrow, Thymus.

Secondary: Lymph nodes, Spleen.

Front 17

What happens in red bone marrow?

Back 17

The site of red blood cell production, and some white blood cells.

Front 18

What is the thymus?

Back 18

A bilobed gland in the thoracic cavity superior to the heart.

Front 19

Does ted suck?

Back 19

Yes.

Front 20

What are the lymph nodes?

Back 20

Oval shaped structures found along lymphatic vessels.

Filled with B-cells, T cells, and macrophages.

Front 21

What is the spleen?

Back 21

Organ filled with white pulp containing lymphocytes, and red pulp which is involved with filtering blood.

Front 22

What is the first line of defense of innate immunity?

Back 22

Physical and chemical barriers to entry.

Front 23

What is the second line of defense of innate immunity?

Back 23

Phagocytic white blood cells

Inflammatory response

Protective proteins (complement and interferons)

Front 24

What is innate immunity?

Back 24

A first response to infections and serves as the foundation of adaptive immunity.

Front 25

Innate defenses include:

Back 25

Barrier defenses

Phagocytosis

Antimicrobial peptides

Front 26

Innate defenses that are unique to vertebrates:

Back 26

Natural killer cells

Interferons

Inflammatory response

Front 27

Barrier defenses include:

Back 27

Skin

mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Front 28

Mucus traps and allows for the removal of?

Back 28

Microbes

Front 29

The low pH of the skin and digestive system prevent what?

Back 29

Growth of bacteria.

Front 30

4 types of phagocytic cells:

Back 30

Neutrophils- Engulf and destroy pathogens

Macrophages- Found throughout the body

Dendritic cells- Stimulate development of adaptive immunity

Eosinophils- Discharge destructive enzymes

Front 31

How do natural killer cells regulate abnormal cells?

Back 31

They release chemicals leading to cell death

Front 32

What are the 4 symptoms of inflammation?

Back 32

Redness

Heat

Swelling

Pain

Front 33

__________ is released by mast cells and causes the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable to phagocytic white blood cells.

Back 33

Histamine

Front 34

If neutrophils cannot control the damage, _________will call in more white blood cells including ___________.

Back 34

Cytokines, macrophages.

Front 35

What are complement protective proteins?

Back 35

A group of blood plasma proteins

Front 36

What do complement protective proteins do?

Back 36

Bind to mast cells causing them to release histamine

Bind to pathogens to attract phagocytes

Form a membrane attack complex to put holes in some bacteria and viruses

Front 37

What are interferon protective proteins and what do they do?

Back 37

Proteins produced by virus-infected cells sent out to warn neighboring healthy cells

Front 38

What are the two types of B cells?

Back 38

Plasma cells

Memory cells

Front 39

__________ cells produce specific antibodies, while __________ are ready to produce antibodies in the future.

Back 39

Plasma, memory

Front 40

What are the three kinds of T cells?

Back 40

Cytotoxic T cells

Helper T cells

Memory T cells

Front 41

________ T cells kill virus-infected and cancer cells, _________ T cells regulate immunity, and ________ T cells are ready to kill in the future.

Back 41

Cytotoxic, helper, memory

Front 42

What are the characteristics of B cells?

Back 42

Antibody-mediated immunity against pathogens

Produced and mature in bone marrow

Directly recognize antigen and then undergo clonal selection

Front 43

Each B cell has a unique receptor called a BCR that binds to a specific ________.

Back 43

Antigen

Front 44

B cells binding to antigens and cytokines secreted by helper T cells result in what?

Back 44

Clonal expansion in which the B cell makes copies of itself

Front 45

What cells are produced from the B cell coping itself?

Back 45

Plasma cells

Memory cells

Front 46

After an infection has passed, plasma cells undergo __________ leaving memory cells.

Back 46

Apoptosis

Front 47

Antibodies do not kill pathogens, they...

Back 47

Mark them for destruction

Front 48

The process of antibodies binding to viral surface proteins preventing infection of a host cell is called what?

Back 48

Neutralization

Front 49

What is opsonization?

Back 49

Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria creating a target for macrophages or neutrophils, triggering phagocytosis

Front 50

What is the basic unit that composes antibody molecules?

Back 50

A Y-shaped protein

Front 51

The _______ is the constant region that determine the class of antibody, and the ________ are the variable region where specific antigens bind.

Back 51

Trunk of the Y, ends of the Y

Front 52

What are the characteristics of T cells?

Back 52

Produced in bone marrow, matured in thymus

Antigen must be presented in groove of an HLA molecule

Cytotoxic T cells destroy nonself antigen-bearing cells

Helper T cells secrete cytokines that control the immune response

Front 53

Each T cell has a unique receptor called a _____ that will do what?

Back 53

TCR, it will recognize a piece of an antigen with the help of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Front 54

What happens once an APC engulfs an antigen?

Back 54

The antigen is broken down and presented on its surface in association with a membrane protein called an MHC. Then it is presented to a T cell in th elymph node or spleen.

Front 55

What is immunity?

Back 55

The ability to combat diseases and cancer

Front 56

What are the two types of immunity?

Back 56

Active and passive

Front 57

What is active immunity?

Back 57

The individuals body making antibodies against a particular antigen. Happens through immunization and vaccines. Depends on memory B and T cells.

Front 58

What is passive immunity?

Back 58

When an individual is given antibodies against a particular antigen. Short lived immunity.