Lymphatic And Immune System

Front 1

Describe what the interstitial space is.

Back 1

'Interstice' means a narrow or small space

between 'things' (in our case cells). so......

Interstitial means the ocupieing of that narrow space.

Interstital space is the space filled with fluid around cells.

Front 2

what are the tree main functions of the Lymph system?

Back 2

1. drains interstital fluid (so cells dont become water logged)

2. transports dietry lipids (fats)

3. Protects against invasion

Front 3

What is a Antigen?

Back 3

Any sunstance that is foreign to the body

Front 4

What is a Antibody?

Back 4

a special protein that comes togeather to distroy a antigen

Front 5

Leucoytes?

Back 5

White blood cells

Front 6

Lymphocyte?

Back 6

A type of white blood cell involved in imunity.

(B cells and T cells are Lymphocytes)

Front 7

Microbe (micro-organisium)?

Back 7

a organisium to small to be seen by the eye.

(incl bacteria/virus/some fungi)

Front 8

Macrophage?

Back 8

A hunter cell that engulfs and distroys Microbes

Front 9

Pathogen?

Back 9

a disease causing microbe

Front 10

Phagocyte?

Back 10

a cell that engulfs and digests (eats) microbes.

(incl macrophage and some white blood cells)

Front 11

Is the Lymphatic system a secondary circulatory system?

Back 11

Yes - it drains excess fluid from tissue and returns to the circulatory system.

Front 12

how many litres of blood plasma per day leak out of blood vessles into interstitial fluid?

Back 12

Aprox 21 litres

Front 13

Why is this Plasma leaked?

Back 13

because of the high pressure the blood is pumped from the Arteriole to the capillarys. the plasma is squashed out into the cell tissue.

Front 14

How much of that is not reabsorbed into blood?

Back 14

Aprox 3 Litres

Front 15

If this fluid is not returned to blood stream what are the risks?

Back 15

1.tissues become waterlogged

2. blood vol will fall.

Front 16

what Lymphatic vessels are found in the villi of the small intersine?

Back 16

Lacteals

Front 17

What do Lacteals absorb?

Back 17

Lipids and lipid souluble vitamins (A,D,E & K)

Front 18

Where do Lacteals transport Lipids and vitamins?

Back 18

to larger Lymphatic vessels and finniallt deposit it to the blood stream.

Front 19

what is the fluid inside Lacteals called, and what is its colour?

Back 19

CHYLE - A creamy white colour due to its fat content.

Front 20

What is immune response?

Back 20

Phagocytic cells and lymphocytes functioning in defense of the body.

Front 21

Explain white blood cells and there role.

Back 21

White blood cells (leucocytes)

- pale and colourless.

- come from stem cells in red bone marrow

- circulate lymph and blood systems

- bodys police/army/general cleaners

Front 22

under the title white blood cell - these include...

Back 22

Lymphocytes and Feeding cells

Front 23

what are feeding cells?

Back 23

general cleaners - eating on old bacteria, dust particles and dead cells.

Front 24

where are feeding cells found?

Back 24

conective tissue and organs such as spleen and liver and lymph tissue.

flock in there thousands to site of injury.

Front 25

list three types of feeding cells?

Back 25

1. Macrophages

2.Granulocytes

3. Monocytes

Front 26

the process of the feeding cell "eating" the

antigen is?

Back 26

Phagocytosis

Front 27

How do Lymphocytes dispose of antigens?

Back 27

with antibodies (poison)

(think of lymphocytes as trained army

personnel)

Front 28

In order to do this they must be?

Back 28

immune competent

Front 29

how do lympthocytes become immune

competent?

Back 29

after being born in bone marrow they migrate to lymphoid tissue or thymus (military training sites) here they specialise and mature.

Front 30

what is the thymus and where would you find it?

Back 30

a lymphiod organ found in the neck

Front 31

the lympthocytes that migrate to lymphoid

tissue learn to ___ and are refered to as ___ ?

Back 31

React to atigens found and develop receptors that bind to these antigens. recognise which "infection" it is and then clone themselves to react to the other antigens of its type in the body and stop it taking hold.

refered to as B Cells

(inteligence army divsion)

Front 32

The Lymphthocytes that migrate to the Thymus tissue learn to ___ and are refered to as ___?

Back 32

Kill any atigens by attacking directly (they dont produce antibodies)

refered to as T cells

(killer army devision)

Front 33

T cells include?

Back 33

1.helper cells - help b cells and feeder cells

2. killer cells - kill cells invaded by antigens also kill tumer cells.

3. suppressor cells - supress some of the agression of Lymphocytes.

Front 34

The lymphatic system consists of?

Back 34

1.Lymph

2. lymphatic capillarys

3. lymphatic vessles,trunks and ducts

4. lymphatic nodes (organs)

5. lymphatic nodules ( mucosa- associated tissues)

Front 35

what does the word 'lymph' mean?

Back 35

clear water

Front 36

what is Lymph a similier composition to?

Back 36

Blood plasma

Front 37

what 5 things does lymph contain?

Back 37

1. Protein molecules

2. Lipid Molecules

3.foreign particles (i.e. bacteria)

4. cell debris (from damaged tissue)

5. Lymphocytes

Front 38

Lymph is only found in...?

Back 38

Lymphatic vessels

Front 39

The relationship between the cardiovascular and lymphatic sytem stars in the..?

Back 39

Capillaries

Front 40

all lymphatic sytems leads to the..?

Back 40

Heart

Front 41

describe a lymphatic capillarie

Back 41

- tiny close ended vessel.

- larger in diameter then blood capillaries.

- have unique structure which permits fluid into them but not out of them.

Front 42

lymphatic capillaries are found throughout the body except?

Back 42

Avascular tissue (conective tissue with high blood supply)

Central nervous system

splenic pulp (pulp of spleen)

Front 43

describe a lymphatic vessel

Back 43

- Carries Lymph from capillaries through nodes to lymphatic trunk.

- Has many one way valves to prevent backflow of lymph.

- Made of endothelial cell.

Front 44

what are lymphatic trunks?

Back 44

The main lymph vessel (the juction where all the vessels meet) that then drains the lymph into the lymph ducts.

Front 45

name the five Lyphatic trunks

(areas of lymph vessels)

Back 45

1.Lumbar trunks

2. intesinal trunk

3. right and left bronchomediastinal trunk

4 right and left subclavian trunk

5. right and left jugular trunk

(named after the ares they serve)

Front 46

how many lymph ducts are there?

Back 46

two

Front 47

what are the names of the lymph ducts?

Back 47

thoratic duct (left side)

Right lymphatic duct (right side)

Front 48

where do the ducts empty there contents

Back 48

left and right subclavian veins

Front 49

The main collecting duct is the?

Back 49

Thoratic duct

Front 50

where does the Thoratic duct originate?

Back 50

2nd lumber vertibra at a dilation called the

Cisterna chyli

Front 51

where does the throatic duct recieve its waste (lymph) from?

Back 51

- left side of the head/neck/chest.

- left arm

- entire body bellow ribs.

Front 52

what area does the right lymphatic duct recieve waste (lymph) from?

Back 52

upper right had side of the body only.

Front 53

what 4 mechanisms combine to help the flow of lymph? (as it is not pumped like blood)

Back 53

1. smooth muscle (in walls of system, contracts rhythmatically)

2. skeletal muscles

3. breathing movements.

4. one way valves. (to prevent backward flow)

Front 54

lymphatic nodes are also known as?

Back 54

glands.

Front 55

where would you find lymph nodes?

Back 55

scattered along the length of lymphatic vessels.

there are higher concentration of nodes in areas of higher risk of infection such as side of neck.

Front 56

what is the fuction of a node/gland

Back 56

To filter lymph - remove or distroy any

potentially harmful substances before lymph is returned to blood.

Front 57

a lypth node is made up of

Back 57

outer cortex (T and B cells that have clustered to form follicles)

inner medulla (lymphocytes and marcophages)

trabeculae (divides- that form compartments)

(basically a node is a antigen killing machine)

Front 58

the vessels that carry lymph into the node is?

Back 58

afferent vessels.

(reminder - afferent A for arrive)

Front 59

the vessels that carry lymph out of the node is?

Back 59

efferent vessels

(reminder - efferent E for esscape)

Front 60

where is the Axillary node found?

Back 60

Armpit

Front 61

where is the Supratochlear node found?

Back 61

elbow crease

(by the supronator muscle)

Front 62

ileocolic node?

Back 62

found near diaphram in abdomen

Front 63

illiac node

Back 63

abdomen (near illium bode)

Front 64

Inguinal nodes

Back 64

groin

Front 65

popliteal nodes

Back 65

knee

Front 66

name the 7 nodes of the head and neck and where you would find them?

Back 66

1. superficial parotid nodes (front of ears)

2. mastoid nodes (behind ear)

3. submadibaular nodes (beneath mandible)

4. submental nodes ( beneath chin)

5. deep cervical nodes (deep in neck)

6. superficial cervical medial and lateral nodes . side of neck.

7. occipital nodes - base of skull

Front 67

name the lyphatic organs.

Back 67

thymus gland

spleen

lymphatic nodules

Front 68

what does the thymus glan prduce

Back 68

thymosin hormones which help develop maturation of T cells

Front 69

where is the spleen located?

Back 69

in abdomen behind and left of stomach

Front 70

the spleen filters lymph true or faulse?

Back 70

Faulse - it does not filter lympth

Front 71

what are the functions of a spleen?

Back 71

- filter and clean blood

- destroy warn out red blood cells

- stores platelets and blood

- produces lymphocytes

Front 72

is the spleen made similerly to the lymph nodes?

Back 72

yes. it to contains trabculae.

Front 73

the functional part of the spleen contain two tissues what are they?

Back 73

white pulp - produces antibody producing plasma cells.

red pulp - functions in the phagocytosis of bacteria, red blood cells and platelets.

Front 74

what are lymphatic nodules?

Back 74

lyphatic tissue that are strategically positioned to protect against pathogens that have been

inhaled, digested or entered form a external opening.

Front 75

what are lymphatic nodules also know as?

Back 75

mucosa-associated lymphiod tissue. (MALT)

because they are offern scattered in mucous membranes.

Front 76

Name three groups of lymphatic nodules.

Back 76

1. tonsils- back of mouth protact against pathogens inhaled

2. preyers patches - in illium of small intestine figet ingested pathogens.

3. Appendix - unkown

Front 77

what is pathogen known as Lymphoedema?

Back 77

the accumilation of lympth in the tissue. -

it results in swelling usually in the legs.

caused by congenital (present from birth) defect where there is a lack in of lymphatic vessels or by surgery where the vessels have been damaged or removed.

(parasites, obstructing tumers and injurts are also known as lymphodema)

Front 78

what is oeadema/water retention?

Back 78

an excess of interstial fluid in body/cell tissue - results in swelling and puffyness. can be localised. cause usually injurys or heart and kidney disorders.

Front 79

whats the difference between lymphoedema and oeadema?

Back 79

though very similer.

lympth-oedema is 'lymph' in tissue due to lack of vessles.

oedema occurs before the interstial fluid becomes lymph as it is a collection in the body tissue before it reaches the lymth capillaries.

Front 80

what is lymthoma?

Back 80

cancer of the lymphocytes can spread throughout lymphatic tissues/organs

Front 81

what are the to types of lymphoma?

Back 81

hogkins disease

non hogkins disease

Front 82

explain hogkins disease.

Back 82

malignant lymphoma- characterised by painless inlargement of lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin, chest and abdomen. sometimes acompanied by fever, night sweats, weight loss, itching and fatigue. cause unknown.

Front 83

explain non hodgkins.

Back 83

more common in the elderly and people with poor immune. referes to a group of lyphomas that are classified due to type of cell involved and degree of malignacy. painless enlargment of nodes