Lymphatic And Immune System

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Lymph

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Clear, transparent, colorless fluid found in the lymphatic vessels and the cisterna chyli.

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Lymph Nodes

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Small organs in the lymphatic system that filter bacteria and other foreign organisms from the body fluids.

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Lymphatic Vessels

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Vessels in the lymphatic system that carry lymph fluid throughout the body.

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Spleen

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Organ in the lymphatic system that filters microorganisms and old red blood cells from the blood.

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Thymus Gland

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An endocrine gland located in the upper mediastinum that assists the body with the immune function and the development of antibodies. As part of the immune response it secretes a hormone, thymosin, that changes lymphocytes to T cells.

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Tonsils

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The collections of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx to conbat microorganisms entering the body through the nose or mouth.

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Lymphatic Capillaries

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The smallest lymph vessels; they carry excessive tissue fluid.

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Lymphatic Ducts

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The two largest vessels in the lymphatic system, the lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct.

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Right Lymphatic Duct

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One of two large lymphatic ducts. It drains right arm and the right side of the neck and chest; empties lymph into the right subclavian vein.

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Thoracic Duct

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The largest lymph vessel. It drains the entire body except for the right arm, chest wall, and both lungs. It empties lymph into the left subclavian vein.

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Valves

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A flap-like structure found within the tubular organs such as lymph vessels, veins, and the heart. They function to prevent the backflow of fluid.

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Axillary

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Commonly referred to as the armpit. There is a collection of lymph nodes in this area that drains each arm.

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Cervical

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Pertaining to the neck

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Inguinal

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Commonly referred to as the groin. There is a collection of lymph nodes in this region that drain each leg.

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Lymph Glands

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Another name for lymph nodes; small organs composed of lymphatic tissue located along the route of the lymphatic vessels; remove impurities from the lymph and manufacture lymphocytes and antibodies.

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Mediastinal

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There is a collection of lymph nodes located in the mediastinum(central chest area) that drains the chest.

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Metastasized

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When cancerous cells migrate away from a tumor site. They commonly move through the lymphatic system and become trapped in lymph nodes.

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Adenoids

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Another term for pharyngeal tonsils. The tonsils are a collection of lymphatic tissue found in the nasopharynx to combat microorganisms entering the body through the nose.

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Lingual Tonsils

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Tonsils located on the very posterior section of the tongue as it joins with the pharynx.

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Palatine Tonsils

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Tonsils located in the lateral wall of the pharynx close to the mouth.

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Pharyngeal Tonsils

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Another term for adenoids. The tonsils are a collection of lymphatic tissue found in the nasopharynx to combat microorganisms entering the body through the nose.

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Pharynx

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Medical term for the throat. The passageway that conducts air from the nasal cavity to the trachea, and also carries food and drink from the mouth to the esophagus. It is divided into three sections; the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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Blood Sinuses

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Spread-out blood vessels within the spleen that result in slow-moving blood flow.

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Macrophages

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Phagocytic cells that are found in large quantities in the lymph nodes. They engulf foreign particles.

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T Cells

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A lymphocyte active in cellular immunity

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T Lymphocytes

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A type of lymphocyte involved with producing cells that physically attack and destroy pathogens.

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Thymosin

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Hormone secreted by thymus gland. It causes lymphocytes to change into T-Lymphocytes.

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Acquired Immunity

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The protective response of the body to a specific pathogen.

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Active Acquired Immunity

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Immunity developing after direct exposure to a pathogen.

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Bacteria

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Primitive, single-celled microorganisms that are present everywhere. Some are capable of causing disease in humans.

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Cancerous Tumors

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Malignant growths in the body

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Fungi

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Organisms found in the Kingdom Fungi. Some are capable of causing disease in humans

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Immune Response

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Ability of lymphocytes to respond to specific antigens.

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Immunity

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The body's ability to defend itself against pathogens.

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Immunizations

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Providing protection against communicable diseases by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the disease.

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Antigens

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Substance that is capable of inducing the formation of an antibody.

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Natural Immunity

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Immunity that is not specific to a particular disease and does not require prior exposure to the pathogen. Also called innate immunity.

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Passive Acquired Immunity

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Immunity that results when a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animal. This may take the form of maternal antibodies crossing the placenta to a baby or antitoxin injection

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Protozoans

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Single-celled organisms that can infect the body.

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Toxins

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Substances poisonous to the body. Many are filtered out of the body by the kidney.

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Vaccinations

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Providing protection against communicable diseases by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the disease.

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Viruses

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A group of infectious particles that cause disease.

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Antibody

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Protein material produced in the body as a response to the invasion of a foreign substance

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Antibody-Mediated Immunity

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The production of antibodies by B cells in response to an antigen. Also called humoral immunity

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B cells

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Common name for B lymphocytes, responds to foreign antigens by producing protective antibodies

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B lypmhocyte

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The humoral immunity cells, which respond to foreign antigens by producing protective antibodies. Simply referred to as B cells.

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Cell-Mediated Immunity

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Immunity that results from the activation of sensitized T lymphocytes. The immune response causes antigens to be destroyed by the direct action of cells; also called cellular immunity

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Cellular Immunity

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Also called cell-mediated immunity; process results in the production of T cells and natural killer, NK, cells that directly attach to foreign cells. Immune response fights invasion by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and cancer.

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Cytotoxic

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Pertaining to poisoning cells

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Humoral Immunity

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Immunity that responds to anitgens, such as bacteria and foreign agents, by producing antibodies; also called antibody-mediated immunity

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Natural Killer Cells

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T cells that can kill by entrapping foreign cells, tumor cells, and bacteria; also called T8 cells

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Cross Infection

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Occurs when a person, either a patient or health care worker, acquires a pathogen from another patient or health care worker.

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Nosocomial Infection

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An infection acquired as a result of hospital exposure.

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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Federal agency that issued mandatory guidelines to ensure that all employees at risk of exposure to body fluids are provided with personal protective equipment.

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Reinfection

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An infection that occurs when a person becomes infected again with the same pathogen that originally brought him or her to the hospital.

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Self-Inoculation

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Infection that occurs when a person becomes infected in a different part of the body by a pathogen from another part of his or her own body, such as intestinal bacteria spreading to the urethra.

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Bronchial Tubes

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An organ of the respiratory system that carries air into each lung.

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Carbon Dioxide

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A waste product of cellular energy production. It is removed from the cells by the blood and eliminated from the body by the lungs.

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Exhalation

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To breathe air out of the lungs. Also called expiration

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Expiration

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To breathe air out of the lungs. Also called exhalation

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Inhalation

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To breathe air into the lungs. Also called inspiration.

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Inspiration

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To breathe air into the lungs. Also called inhalation.

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Larynx

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Also called the voice box. Respiratory system organ responsible for producing speech. It is located just below the pharynx.

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Lungs

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The major organs of respiration. The lungs consist of air passageways, the bronchi and bronchioles, and the air sacs, alveoli. Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli

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Metabolism

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The sum of all the chemical processes taking place in the body.

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Nose

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Outside air enters the respiratory system through this. Includes the external nasal opening and the nasal cavity.

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Oxygen

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Gaseous element absorbed by the blood from the air sacs in the lungs. It is necessary for cells to make energy.

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Pharynx

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Medical term for the throat. The passageway that conducts air from the nasal cavity to the trachea, and also carries food and drink from the mouth to the esophagus.

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Trachea

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Also called the windpipe. It conducts air from the larynx down to the main bronchi in the chest.

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Cilia

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A term for eyelashes that protect the eye from foreign particles or for nasal hairs that help filter dust and bacteria out of inhaled air.

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Mucous Membrane

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These membranes line body passages that open directly to the exterior of the body, such as the mouth and reproductive tract, and secrete a thick substance, or mucus.

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Mucus

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Sticky fluid secreted by mucous membrane lining of the respiratory tract. Assists in cleansing air by trapping dust and bacteria.

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Nares

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External openings of the nose that open into the nasal cavity.

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Nasal Cavity

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Large cavity just behind the external nose that receives the outside air. It is covered with mucous membrane to cleanse the air. The nasal septum divides it into left and right halves.

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Nasal Septum

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A flexible cartilage wall that divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves and is covered by the mucous membrane.

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Palate

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The roof of the mouth. The anterior portion is hard or bony, and the posterior portion is soft or flexible.

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Paranasal Sinuses

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Air-filled cavities within the facial bones that open into the nasal cavity; act as an echo chamber during sound production.

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Adenoidectomy

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Excision of the adenoids

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Auditory Tube

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Another name for the eustachian tube connecting the middle ear and pharynx

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Eustachian Tube

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Tube or canal that connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and allows for a balance of pressure between the outer and middle ear.

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Laryngopharynx

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The inferior section of the pharynx. It lies at the same level in the neck as the larynx.

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Lingual Tonsils

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Tonsils located on the very posterior section of the tongue as it joins with the pharynx.

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Nasopharynx

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The superior section of the pharynx that receives air from the nose.

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Oropharynx

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The middle section of the pharynx that receives food and drink from the mouth.

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Palatine Tonsils

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Tonsils located in the lateral wall of the pharynx close to the mouth.

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Pharyngeal Tonsils

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Another term for adenoids. The tonsils are a collection of lymphatic tissue found in the nasopharynx to combat microorganisms entering the body through the nose.

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Tonsillectomy

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Surgical removal of the tonsils

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Tonsils

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The collections of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx to combat microorganisms entering the body through the nose or mouth.

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Epiglottis

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A flap of carilage that covers the larynx when a person swallows. This prevents food and drink from entering the larynx and trachea.

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Glottis

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The opening between the vocal cords. Air passes through this as it moves through the larynx. Changing the tension of the vocal cords changes the size of the opening.

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Thyroid Cartilage

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A piece of cartilage associated with the larynx. It is also commonly called the Adam's apple and is larger in males.

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Vocal Cords

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The structures within the larynx that vibrate to produce sound and speech.

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Alveoli

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The tiny air sacs at the end of each bronchiole; they are surrounded by a capillary network; gas exchange takes place as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar and capillary walls

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Bronchioles

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The narrowest air tubes in the lungs. Each terminates in tiny air sacs called alveoli.

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Bronchus

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The distal end of the trachea splits into a left and right main bronchi as it enters each lung. Each main one is subdivided into smaller branches.

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Pulmonary Capillaries

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Network of capillaries in the lungs that tightly encase each alveolus; sight of gas exchange.

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Respiratory Membrane

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Formed by the tight association of the walls of alveoli and capillaries; gas exchange between lungs and blood occurs across this membrane.

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Apex

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Directional term meaning tip or summit

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Base

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Directional term meaning bottow or lower part.

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Hilum

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Center of the concave side of the kidney which is an important landmark on the kidney. It is the site where the renal artery enters, the renal vein leaves, the ureter leaves, and nerves enter and leave the kidney.

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Mediastinum

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The central region of the chest cavity. It contains the organs between the lungs, including the heart, aorta, esophagus, and trachea.

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Parietal Pleura

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The outer layer of the serous membrane sac lining the thoracic cavity.

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Pleura

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A protective double layer of serous membrane around the lungs. The parietal membrane is the outer layer and the visceral layer is the inner membrane. It secretes a thin, watery fluid to reduce friction associated with lung movement

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Pleural Cavity

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Cavity formed by the serous membrane sac surrounding the lungs

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Serous Fluid

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These membranes are found lining body cavities and secrete a thin, watery fluid that acts as a lubricant as organs rub against one another.

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Visceral Pleura

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The inner layer of the serous membrane sac encasing the thoracic viscera

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Diaphragm

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The major muscle of inspiration. It separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity

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Diaphragmatic

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Pertaining to the diaphragm

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Intercostal Muscles

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Muscles between the ribs. When they contract they raise the ribs, which helps to enlarge the thoracic cavity.

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Vital Signs

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Respiration, pulse, temperature, skin color, blood pressure, and reaction of pupils. These are signs of the condition of body functions.