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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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01 What is partial pressure?
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The concentration of gas in a mixture
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02 What is the PP of O2?
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159 mm Hg
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03 What law governs gas movement?
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FICK's LAW:
Q=DA(P1-P2)/L Q=rate of diffusion D=coeficient A=area of diffusion P1, P2= PP of the gasat different locations L=path length |
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04 Why is it easier to get Oxygen from air then water?
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Concentration is higher in air
Diffuses faster in air Requires more energy to move water through exchange surface |
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05 What is the partial pressure gradient?
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(P1-P2)/L
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How to increase partial pressure gradient?
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MINIMIZE LENGTH of diffusion
VENTILATION-actively move respiratory medium over surface PERFUSION-circulate blood at exchange surface |
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07 How would you describe the ventilation of the lungs
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TIDAL-air flows in and out on same path
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08 What is TIDAL VOLUME
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amount of air that moves in and out per breath, meausred by aSPIROMETER
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What are the extra amounts of air that we can inhale/exhale
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INSPIRATORY RESERVE
EXPIRATORY RESERVE |
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What is the VITAL CAPACITY of the lungs?
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Sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory resserve
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What is RESIDUAL VOLUME
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air that cannot be expelled from lungs
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What is the total lung capacity?
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Sum of vital capacity and residual volume
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What are the tubes into the lungs (describe branching)
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TRACHEA brances to two BRONCHI, then BRONCHIOLES, then ALVEOLI
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Secretions of the lungs and how they work
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MUCUS-lines airways. captures debris
MUCUS ESCALATOR-cilliated cells that sweep mucus out of airways SURFACTANT-reduces surface tension in alveoli so lungs can inflate easier |
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What can happen to premature baby lungs?
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RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME-can't make surfactant so hard to breathe
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What is the chest cavity called?
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THORACIC CAVITY
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What is the muscle below the lungs?
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DIAPHRAGM
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What lines each lung?
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PLEURAL MEMBRANE-lines each cavity, covers each lung, creates pleural space
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How does inhalation work?
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DIAPHRAGM pulls down on THORACIC CAVITY, PLEAURAL MEMBRANES pull on lungs, creating NEGATIVE PRESSURE
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What other muscles help with inhalation?
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INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES-between rubs.
EXTERNAL-lift ribs up, expanding cavity INTERNAL-pull ribs down, contracting cavity |
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What is the chest cavity called?
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THORACIC CAVITY
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What is the muscle below the lungs?
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DIAPHRAGM
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What lines each lung?
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PLEURAL MEMBRANE-lines each cavity, covers each lung, creates pleural space
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How does inhalation work?
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DIAPHRAGM pulls down on THORACIC CAVITY, PLEAURAL MEMBRANES pull on lungs, creating NEGATIVE PRESSURE
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What other muscles help with inhalation?
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INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES-between rubs.
EXTERNAL-lift ribs up, expanding cavity INTERNAL-pull ribs down, contracting cavity |
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Structure of hemoglobin
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4 polypeptide units, each with a HEME group. each binds to one O2
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When does hemoglobin pick up O2?
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When partial pressure of O2 is high, releases it where it is low.
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How does binding of O2 work?
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Binding one molecule changes hemoglobin's shape, making it easier to bind to more (INSERT FIG 48.12)
POSITIVE COOPERATIVITY |
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What is another molecule that can bind oxygen?
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MYOGLOBIN-binds to ONE O2. can bind at lower partial pressures with higher affinity. serves as a reserve of oxygen
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Factors affecting affinity of hemoglobin for O2
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COMPOSITION
pH-BOHR EFFECT. active tissue blood has lower pH and H+ will bind instead of O2 2,3-biphosphoglyeric acid-lowers affinity for O2 |
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How is CO2 transported
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Converted to BICARBONATE (HCO3-) in plasma.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE speeds up conversion in RED BLOOD CELLS/EPITHELIAL CELLS keeps pCO2 low so more diffuses into blood This conversion is reversed in the lungs |
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How is breathing controlled?
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MEDULLA (in brainstem) measures changes in pCO2 (primary feedback level). VENTRAL side
proved on experiments with dogs running. |
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How is O2 level measured?
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CAROTID and AORTIC bodies on blood vessels leaving heart.
is a backup system to CO2 levels. |
