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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pseudogenes
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duplicate copies of genes that have undergone one or more mutations that eliminate their ability to be expressed
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When are substitution rates in nucleotide positions the highest?
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When the positions don't change the amino acid being expressed
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If a molecule is essential of cell functioning, does it evolve fast or slow?
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slow
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Gene family
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a group of homologous genes with related functions, often arrayed in a tandem along a chromosome
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orthologs
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genes found in different organisms that arose from a single gene in their common ancestor
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paralogs
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genes that are related through gene duplication events in a single lineage
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What was Frederick Griffith's 1920's experiment?
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tested virulent and non-virulent types of pneumonia and found out that they shared genetic information
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What were the Hershey Chase experiments?
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The Hershey Chase experiments labeled proteins and DNA differently and discovered that DNA was the genetic material
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The amount of purines always equal the amount of
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pyrimidines
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Purine A =
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pyrimidine T
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Purine G =
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pyrimidine C
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What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?
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The 4 nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
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a DNA is made up of:
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a molecule of sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base
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What is the shape of a DNA molecule?
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Double Helix
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What are the 4 key features of DNA?
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1) it is a double-stranded helix
2) It has a uniform diameter 3) it is anti-parallel 4) it is right-handed |
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Adenine pairs with Thymine by forming ____ hydrogen bonds
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2
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Guanine pairs with Cytosine by forming ____ hydrogen bonds
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3
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Semiconservative Replication
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produce molecules with both old and new DNA, each new molecule will have one old strand and one new one
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Replication complex
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The close association of several proteins operating in the replication of DNA
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Origin of replication
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the part of the DNA where the replication complex binds
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Replication Fork
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A point at which a DNA molecule is replicating. The fork forms by the unwinding of the parent molecule.
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DNA helicase
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unwinds DNA
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single-strand binding proteins
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bind to the unwound strands strands to keep them from re associating into a double helix
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Primer
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a short, single strand of RNA , complementary to the DNA template strand
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Primase
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creates primer
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Telomere
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repetitive sequences at the end of chromosomes
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Telomerase
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catalyzes the addition of any lost telomeric sequences
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What are the three types of repair mechanisms? Describe them.
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DNA proofreading - an incorrect base is taken out and polymerase adds a new base
Mismatch repair - proteins remove mismatched protein and bases around it and polymerase corrects the problem. Excision repair - proteins remove damaged base and bases around it and polymerase replaces it |
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Instead of Thymine, RNA contains ___________
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Uracil
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The origin of genetic variation is __________
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Mutation
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what is a promoter?
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A portion of DNA where the RNA polymerase binds
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pyrophosphate
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used for energy in the RNA transcription process
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Frequency
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The relative proportions of all alleles in the population
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What are the 5 necessary conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg theorem?
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1)Mating is random
2)Population size is very large 3)there is no migration between populations 4)there is no mutation 5)Natural selection doesn't affect the alleles under consideration |
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Individuals don't evolve, ___________ do
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populations
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