Lpn Pharmacology

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antibiotic

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a chemical compound used specifically to treat bacterial infections

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broad spectrum

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effective against many organisms

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narrow spectrum

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effective against only a few organisms

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bacteriostatic

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inhibit growth of bacterias

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bactericidal

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kill bacteria

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penicillin (PCN)

(amoxicillin,augmentin,dicloxacillin,timentin )

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derived from a specific mold

inhibits the growth of susceptible bacteria

it is also bactericidal

available inn liquid , tablet, and parenteral forms

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cephalosporins ( cefadroxil,cefdinir,cefepime,cefotaxime,cefotoxin,cephalexin)

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derived from a mold , take special precautions to those who are allergic to pcn , often used in infections that are mixed

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wide spectrum

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effective against many pathogens

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tetracyclines (doxycycline ,minocycline,tetracycline )

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(TCN) broad spectrum antibiotics effective against many organisms( chlamydia , rickettsia , mycoplasma )

SE : nvd

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Photosensitivity

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sensitivity to light

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aminoglycosides (amikacin , gentamicin ,neomycin,tobramycin)( oto/nephrotoxicity ) ( hearing loss )

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potent bactericidal antibiotics, particularly effective against organisms that cause UTI's, meningitis , and life threatening septicemias

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septicemia

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generalized sepsis or life threatening infection throughout the body

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ototoxicity

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caused by damage to the 8th cranial nerve , manifested n=by tinnitus, dizziness , and gradual hearing loss

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nephrotoxicity

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(kidney damage ) manifested by blood and protein in the urine

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macrolide antibiotics ( azithromycin ,clarithromycin ,erythromycin )

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narrow spectrum bacteriostatic agents, mostly used to treat respiratory tract infections in clients allergic to pcn's ( orally , ( erythromycin - parenterally)

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sulfonamides & urinary antiseptics

(co-trimoxazole , nitrofurantoin , sulfasalazine )

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sulfonamides- used as antimicrobial agents ( treat common bacterial infections {uti,ear infection})

BACTRIM - the medication of choice for uti's

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topical agents

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designed to act only on the local tissues with which they come into contact

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transdermal agents

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topical agents designed to be absorbed through the skin for systemic effects

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stimulants

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speed certain mental and physical processes

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depressants

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slow certain mental and physical processes

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soothing agents

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emollient preparations - relieves itching , burning , abrasions , diaper rash , mild skin irritations

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anesthetics

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sprays , lotions , or creams used for itching and pain due to wounds , minor burns , prickly heat, etc...

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corticosteroids

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available in varying strengths , used for dermatitis

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pediculicides

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kill lice

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analgesics

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medications that relieve pain

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{ASA} Acetylsalicylic acid

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aspirin

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{APAP}Acetaminophen

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Tylenol

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narcotic agonist analgesics (opiates )

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- highly addictive

-mainly effect CNS

-are opium derivatives or have opium like actions

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Morphine Sulfate

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-delay stomach emptying and slow peristalsis 9 always check bowel sounds prior to administering , can cause constipation )

-used to relieve severe pain

( most effective if given before the client experiences sever pain ) {symptoms of poisoning - resp <12 /min , deep sleep , constricted pupils )

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Hydromorphone Hydrochloride (Dilaudid)

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-5x analgesic effect of morphine

-causes very little drowsiness , NVD , but does depress respirations

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Codeine

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-milder action than morphine but is a derivative

-relief of mild to moderate pain

-has a depressant effect on the cough reflex , is a common ingredient in cough syrups ( may cause constipation )

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Meperidine hydrochloride ( Demerol)

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-often used instead of morphine to relieve pain

- fewer adverse reactions than morphine

- often used before anesthesia or after surgery , may also be used during the last stages of l&d

PSE: constipation, dizziness, nausea , vomiting , headache , fainting

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methadone hydrochloride ( dolophine)

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mainly used in the management of heroin addiction to wean the, off of it .

PSE: nausea , vomiting , itching , constipation , respiratory depression

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Oxycodone

with aspirin - Percodan

with Tylenol -Percocet

extended release - oxycontin

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effective for treatment of moderate pain

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Salicylates ( SA)

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derive from salicylic acid

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ASA ( aspirin ) Acetylsalicylic acid

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highly effective in treatment for mild to moderate pain

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analgesic action

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treats headache , arthritis type pain , neuralgia , dysmenorrhea

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antipyretic action

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increases heat elimination from the body thus reducing fever

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anti-inflammatory action

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particularly effective in the treatment or arthritic conditions and neuralgis ( pain arising from the nerves)

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nonsalicylate analgesics

Acetaminophen (APAP)

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classified as a non narcotic analgesic

-max daily dose - 4000 mg ( 4g)

- usually used in infants and children

- not anti inflammatory

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Tramadol (utram )

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-a centrally acting semisynthetic analgesic, is unrelated to narcotics

-PSE: dizziness , constipation , nausea

contraindicated in those with seizure disorders

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Dihydroergotamine mesylate

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another medication used particularly to treat migraine and cluster headache pains