Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
MAC |
MacConkey Agar |
|
|
MSA |
Mannitol Salt Agar |
|
|
SIM |
sulfide indole motility medium |
|
|
UB |
Urea broth |
|
|
BA |
blood agar |
|
|
TSA |
Trypticase Soy Agar |
|
|
BESC |
Bile esculin agar |
|
|
EMB |
Eosin Methylene Blue Agar |
|
|
LSB |
Lauryl sulfate broth |
|
|
PA |
Pseudomonas Isolation Agar |
|
|
Purpose of MAC |
isolation of gram (-) enterics |
|
|
Purpose of MSA |
isolate and differentiate halotolerant species |
|
|
Purpose of SIM |
Screening for H2S, indole production, and motility |
|
|
Purpose of UB |
production of the exoenzyme urease |
|
|
purpose of BA |
test for hemolytic activity |
|
|
Purpose of TSA |
growth of wide range of bacteria |
|
|
Purpose of EnteroPluri-Test |
15 different biochemical tests for enterics |
|
|
Purpose of BESC |
Isolation of enterococcus |
|
|
Purpose of EMB |
isolation of gram negative enterics |
|
|
Purpose of LSB |
Detect/ID coliforms in food |
|
|
Purpose of PA |
Isolation of Pseudomonas species |
|
|
Category of TSA |
general c |
|
|
category of BESC |
selective and differential |
|
|
category of EMB |
selective and differential |
|
|
category of LSB |
selective and differential |
|
|
category of MAC |
selective and differential |
|
|
category of MSA |
selective and differential |
|
|
category of PA |
selective |
|
|
category of BA |
differential |
|
|
category of SIM |
biochemical |
|
|
category of UB |
biochemical |
|
|
special ingredients of MAC |
Selective Agent=bile salts & crystal violet Differential Agent=lactose pH indicator=neutral red |
|
|
Special ingredients for MSA |
Selective Agent=7.5% NaCI Differential Agent=mannitol pH indicator=phenol red |
|
|
reagent for SIM |
Kovac's reagent |
|
|
pH indicator for UB |
phenol red |
|
|
selective property of LSB |
Durham tube |
|
|
Selective and differential agent for BESC |
SA=bile DA=esculin |
|
|
selective and differential agents for EMB |
SA=Eosin and methylene blue DA=lactose |
|
|
selective and differential agents for LSB |
SA=sodium lauryl sulfate DA=lactose |
|
|
ph indicator for MSA |
phenol red |
|
|
ph indicator of MAC |
neutral red |
|
|
reading of MAC |
Purple growth= lactose fermentation (+) Colorless (yellow) growth=lactose fermentation (-) |
|
|
reading of MSA |
Growth=halotolerance medium is lemon-yellow=mannitol fermentation (+) Growth=halotolerance medium is pink=mannitol fermentation (-) No growth=halotolerant (-) What will grow here? S. auerus What won't grow here? S. epidermidis |
|
|
reading of SIM |
1.Black precipitate= H2S (+) 2. Add Kovac's reagent; if red=indole (+) 3. Cloudiness throughout tube =motility (+) |
|
|
reading of UB |
Orange=urease (-) Fuchsia=urease (+) |
|
|
reading of BA |
Clear zone viewed from bottom=beta hemolysis No color change =gamma hemolysis |
|
|
reading of TSA |
growth of wide range of bacteria; making smears and making lawns |
|
|
What is meant by the term "enteric" ? |
intestinal |
|
|
What is the EnteroPluri test used for?
|
To test for gram negative enterics
|
|
|
What is the color that indicates a positive result of fermentation of sugar and what gets produced?
|
Yellow; this indicates acid has been produced–Fermentation (+)
|
|
|
What are used to test for fermentation? (hint, there are 6 that end with –ose or –ol)
|
Glucose, Adonitol, Lactose, Arabinose, Sorbitol, and Dulcitol
|
|
|
What does the glucose determine production of ;how can you tell?
|
Gas production, separation of medium from the wax–Gas production (+)
|
|
|
Amino acid decarboxylase
|
Lysine and Ornithine tests
Purple = decarboxylase (+) |
|
|
What is the end product of Lysine Decarboxylase (+) ?
|
Cadaverine
|
|
|
What is the end product of Ornithine Decarboxylase (+) ?
|
putrescine
|
|
|
H2S (hydrogen sulfide) production by reduction
|
Black indicates H2S (+)
|
|
|
What is produced by indole?
|
Metabolism of tryptophan using tryptophanase
|
|
|
What is the end product of indole production?
|
Indole–
Indole (+) is red with Kovac's reagent |
|
|
Glucose fermentation indicated by the intermediate acetoin
|
Voges Proskauer (VP) Test
|
|
|
What are the 2 reagents used for the Voges Proskauer test ?
|
alpha–naphtol and KOH
READING: Red indicates acetoin presence and glucose fermentation (+) |
|
|
Amino acid deaminase used for what test?
|
Phenylalanine (PA) test
|
|
|
What color indicates a positive result in a phenylalanine deaminase (+) ?
|
Black to smoky gray
|
|
|
What is the end product of phenylalanine deaminase?
|
Pyruvic acid
|
|
|
Urea Hydrolysis
|
Urease (+) –
Fuchsia indicates urea has been used to produce ammonia (NH3) |
|
|
Citrate Utilization
|
Citrate (+)
Blue indicates citrate has been used to alkaline metabolites |
|
|
Serial Dilutions–Dilution factors
|
1 mL in 9 mL=10 –1
0.1 mL in 9.9 mL = 10 –2 Countable plates: must have 30–300 colonies represented as CFU's=cell forming units OCD=colony forming units divided by final dilution factor or OCD=CFU's/FDF |
|
|
What is the methylene blue reductase test?
|
used to determine milk quality
|
|
|
How do you determine quality of milk in methylene blue reductase test?
|
Add methylene blue to milk, if it turns white in less than 2 hours it is poor quality; if it turns white after more than 6 hours it is good quality
Blue=oxidized White=reduced |
|
|
what is the intermediate in the VP test? |
acetoin |
|
|
What are we testing for in the PA test? |
deamination |
|
|
what are considered countable plates? |
30-300 colonies represented as CFU's |
|
|
reading of BESC |
Black=enterococcus (+) Not black (yellow is color of medium) =enterococcus (-) |
|
|
reading of EMB |
metal sheen green, black, or pink mucoid=coliforms (+) not as above =coliforms (-) |
|
|
reading of LSB |
gas bubble in durham tube=coliforms (+) no gas =coliforms (-) |
|
|
reading of PA |
growth on streaked line=Pseudomonas (+) no growth=Pseudomonas (-) |
|
|
Reaction for SIM |
H2S (+), indole (-), motility (-) and urease (+) |
|
|
reagent required for SIM ? For reading of what? |
Kovac's reagent for indole reading |
|
|
What is responsible for H2S production and indole production in SIM test? |
enzymes |
|
|
In the EnteroPluri test; when looking at the sugars, what are we testing for? |
fermentation of sugars |
|
|
What would be the reading for fermentation of sugars in the enterpluri test? |
fermentation (+) fermentation (-) |
|
|
what does a yellow color indicate in fermentation of sugars? |
acid has been produced |
|
|
what are we testing for in the enteropluri glucose test? |
gas production |
|
|
how can you tell if there has been gas production in the enteropluri glucose test? |
separation of the wax from medium |
|
|
how do you describe the reading of gas production? |
gas production (+) gas production (-) |
|
|
what is the test reaction for UB |
orange= urease (-) fuchsia= urease (+) |
|
|
what is being tested in the lysine and ornithine tests? |
decarboxylation |
|
|
What does a purple color indicate in the lysine and ornithine tests and how do you read it? |
decarboxylase (+) |
|
|
what does a yellow color indicate in the lysine and ornithine tests and how do you read it? |
decarboxylase (-) |
|
|
what does h2s stand for? |
hydrogen sulfide |
|
|
H2S production by ______________ |
reduction |
|
|
If there is a black reaction in H2S, what does that indicate and how do you read it? |
H2S (+) |
|
|
How is indole produced? |
metabolism of tryptophan using tryptophanase |
|
|
what is the end product of indole production? |
indole |
|
|
how is a positive indole reaction read? |
Indole (+) |
|
|
How and when does indole turn red? |
Indole (+) red with Kovac's reagent |
|
|
What does VP test stand for ? |
Voges Proskauer |
|
|
what are we testing for with the VP test? |
fermentation of glucose |
|
|
what are the two reagents used in the VP test? |
alpha naphthol and KOH |
|
|
what does red indicate in the VP test and how is it read? |
acetoin presence and glucose fermentation (+) |
|
|
What is the PA test in the enteropluri test? |
Phenylalanine |
|
|
What are we testing for in the phenylalanine test and how is it read? |
phenylalanine deaminase Phenylalanine deaminase (+) |
|
|
what color is produced in the entero PA test and how is it read? |
black to smoky grey Phenylalanine deaminase (+) |
|
|
what is the end product of the PA test? |
pyruvic acid |
|
|
what are we testing for in the urea enteropluri test? |
Urease |
|
|
is the test is fuschia in the urea (entero) test what does that mean and how is it read? |
urea has been used to produce ammonia -urease (+) |
|
|
what does urea produce in the urea enteropluri test? |
ammonia |
|
|
in the citrate entero test -what is being produced? |
alkaline metabolites |
|
|
what color indicates citrate has been used in the citrate entero test and how is it read? |
BLUE citrate (+) |
|
|
Inoculation in urine lab |
semiquantitative method using volumetric loop |
|
|
in the food lab, how did we inoculate the plates? |
with 5 parallel lines |
|
|
In the food lab-how did we inoculate the LSB? |
dip and swirl |
|
|
In the food lab-how did we inoculate the BESC? |
fish tail |
|
|
How did we inoculate the plates for the kirby bauer and UV experiment ? |
bacterial lawn technique |
|
|
How did we inoculate the plates for the water contamination and transformation experiment? |
spread plate method |
|
|
In the staph lab-what is the catalase test used for? |
differentiates staphylococcus from streptococcus |
|
|
what is the reagent for the catalase test? |
hydrogen peroxide |
|
|
what indicates a positive result in the catalase test and how is it read? |
bubbles catalase (+) |
|
|
In the staph lab-what is the coagulase test used for? |
differentiates pathogenic Staph aureus from nonpathogenic Staph epidermidis |
|
|
what is the reagent in the coagulase test? |
rabbit serum |
|
|
what indicates a positive result in the coagulase test and how is it read? |
clumping coagulase (+) |
|
|
how many CFU's determine a UTI? |
100,000 |
|
|
how would you calculate the OCD of a patient that has 215 CFU's? |
OCD=CFU/.001mL =CFU/10^-3 =CFU x 10^3 215 x 10^3 =215,000 CFU/mL |
|
|
How do you measure the zone of inhibition in the kirby bauer test? |
from edge to edge over the center of the disk if you measure in centimeters; 1cm=10mm ex: 2.5 cm would be 25mm if there is no zone=0 mm |
|
|
in the kirby bauer test-if there are colonies growing inside the zone of inhibition, what does that mean? |
bacteria are resistant to antibiotic and should not be perscribed |
|
|
In the pathogen transmission experiment-Body fluids___________ |
purpose; dynamics of epidemiology-exponential spread of pathogens: y=2^x ex: if pathogen was spread to 10 people, how many would you expect to contract? y=2^10 =1024 |
|
|
in the water contamination experiment-how do you calculate serial dilutions? |
1mL in 9mL=10^-1 0.1 mL in 9.9 mL=10 ^-2 calculated as: OCD=CFU's/FDF (final dilution factor) |
|
|
in the water contamination experiment-how do you calculate final dilution factor and how do you write it? |
if its 9.9 in tube A that is 10^-2 to start if tube B is 9mL that is 10^-1, add that to tube A and it brings it to 10^-3 and so on... What is FDF of tube B?=10^-3 |
|
|
which media were used in the food lab? |
BESC, LSB, MSA, PA |
|
|
in the food lab-what were we testing for with BESC and LSB? |
fecal contamination |
|
|
in the food lab-what were we testing for with MSA? |
handling |
|
|
in the food lab-what were we testing for with PA? |
spoilage |
|
|
name 4 items from safe handling instructions |
cook thoroughly thaw in fridge or microwave keep refrigerated or frozen wash hands after touching raw meat or poultry keep hot foods hot |
|
|
what is the principle of the methylene blue reductase test? |
oxidation/reduction oxidized=blue reduced=white |
|
|
what were we testing for in the methylene blue reductase test? |
milk quality |
|
|
In the genetics lab-with UV radiation what technique was used to inoculate the plates? |
bacterial lawn |
|
|
In the genetics lab-with UV radiation; which two organisms produce endospores? |
S. marcescens and B. meg |
|
|
In the genetics lab-what type of damage does UV light cause? |
UV light is a mutagen and causes thymine dimers |
|
|
WBC's
|
Leukocytes–order in normal blood
An increase in WBC's is assoc with different pathogens (never let monkeys eat bananas) |
|
|
Leukocytes: order in normal blood
|
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils |
|
|
Pathogen assoc with neutrophils
|
Bacteria
|
|
|
Pathogen associated with lymphocytes
|
viruses
|
|
|
Pathogen associated with monocytes
|
Nonspecific–increases with many types of infections
|
|
|
pathogen associated with eosinophils
|
the eukaryotes: fungal, protozoan, helminthic infections, and allergies
|
|
|
pathogen associated with basophils
|
allergies
|
|
|
ELISA
|
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
|
|
|
what is the purpose of indirect ELISA
|
used to detect antibodies in the blood where the antigen is undetectable in the body.
Example: determination of infection by HIV (antigen) |
|
|
UV experiment
|
* UV light is a mutagen
* formation of thymine dimers *covalently bonded thymine bases that are adjacent to each other *bacterial lawn technique |
|
|
transformation experiment
|
Transformation:
Live bacteria absorb DNA fragments and express new traits – in TSA and only transformed cells will be isolated. Ampicillan is the genetic marker |
|
|
In the genetics lab-under the UV light how do we interpret the observed results? |
no outline=no damage less damage=less damage, more repair more of an outline=more damage, less repair ex: 10 CFU's =more repair ex: 5 CFU's= less repair |
|
|
in the genetics lab-what are the two repairs for thymine dimers? |
light and dark repair |
|
|
which enzymes are involved in light repair? |
DNA photolyase |
|
|
which enzymes are involved in dark repair? |
endonuclease, helicase, DNA polymerase, and ligase |
|
|
what are the two genes carried on the plasmid in the transformation experiment? |
GFP- green fluorescent protein AMPr gene=ampicillan resistant gene (deactivates penicillan) |
|
|
What happens when you place ampicillan on TSA? |
only those cells that are transformed will be isolated, ampicillan is termed the genetic marker |
