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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is pneumonia? & it's etiology?
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An acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma (lining) caused by a microbial agent.
etiology: most likely to result when defense mechanisms become incompetent or are overwhelmed by the virulence or quantity of infectious agents. caused by bacteria, viruses, Mycoplasma, fungi, parasites, and chemicals. |
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What are the normal protective defense mechanisms of the respiratory system?
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-filtration of air
-warming and humidification of inspired air -epiglottis closure over the trachea -cough reflex -mucociliary escalator mechanism -secretion of immunoglobulin A -alveolar macrophages |
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What are some factors predisposing someone to Pneumonia?
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-Aging
-air pollution -altered consciousness -altered oropharyngeal flora secondary to antibiotics -Prolonged immobility -Chronic diseases -HIV infection -Immunosuppressant drugs -Inhalation or aspiration of noxious substances -Intestinal and gastric feedings via nasogastric or nasointestinal tubes -Malnutrition -Smoking -tracheal intubation -Upper resp. tract infection |
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How do organisms that cause pneumonia reach the lungs?
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-Aspiration - from the nasopharynx or oropharynx. Many organisms that cause pneumonia are apart of the normal flora of the pharynx in healthy adults.
-Inhalation - of microbes in the air -Hematogenous spread - from a primary infection elsewhere in the body. |
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Community-Acquired Pneumonia vs. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
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CAP is defined as a lower respiratory tract infection of the lung parenchyma with onset in the community or during the first 2 days of hospitalization.
HAP is pneumonia occurring 48 hours or longer after hospital admission and not incubating at the time of hospitalization. |
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What is aspiration pneumonia?
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When the sequelae occuring from abnormal entry of secretions or substances into the lower airways.
follows aspiration of material from the mouth or stomach into the trachea and subsequently the lungs. |
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What is opportunistic pneumonia? and it's clinical manifestations?
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when normal flora causes pneumonia in a person with immune deficiencies where it wouldn't in a healthy individual.
Clinical manifestations: dyspnea, fever, cough |
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Clinical Manifestations of pneumonia?
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SUDDEN onset of symptoms, including fever, shaking chills, shortness of breath,cough productive of purulent sputum, and pleuritic chest pain.
CRACKLES are heard. |
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Diagnostic Studies of pneumonia
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-Chest X-ray
-Sputum Culture Specimen -Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) -Complete Blood Count (CBC) -Hemoglobin -Hematocrit -White Blood Cell Count (WBC) |
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Management of Pneumonia
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-Antibiotic Therapy
-Pneumococcal vaccine -Nutrition Therapy (fluid intake of at least 3L/day & 1500 calories a day) |
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What is Atelectasis?
& What causes it? |
condition of the lungs characterized by collapsed, airless alveoli
cause: airway obstruction that results from retained exudates and secretions. frequently seen in POST-OP patients. DEEP INSPIRATION is necessary to open pores. this is an important excercise in preventing atelectasis in high risk patient (post-op, immobilized patien) |
