Lower Limb Revision

Front 1

The pelvis is made up of how many bones?

Back 1

3 - ilium, ischium and pubis

Front 2

If there is one pelvic fracture there is likely to be what?

Back 2

Another fracture

Front 3

Which artery's branches for the ring supply of arteries at the base of the neck of the femur?

Back 3

The medial femoral circumflex artery - other contributors include the lateral femoral circumflex artery and the superior and inferior gluteal arteries.

Front 4

What are fractures of the head or neck of the femur at risk of and what is this type of fracture called?

Back 4

Avascular necrosis and intracapsular/subcapital fracture

Front 5

What are the 3 types of femoral fractures?

Back 5

Intracapsular/subcapital fracture ---
Intertrochanteric fracture ---
Shaft fracture

Front 6

Which type of femoral fractures is unlikely to disrupt the blood flow to the head of the femur?

Back 6

Intertrochanteric fracture

Front 7

Where does the inguinal ligament run?

Back 7

Pubic tubercle to the ASIS

Front 8

Where is the mid point of the inguinal ligament? And what occurs there?

Back 8

Mid way between the pubic tubercle and ASIS. The femoral nerve runs below the inguinal ligament.

Front 9

What would you call the point midway between the pubic symphysis and the ASIS? And what occurs there?

Back 9

The mid inguinal point. The femoral artery runs below the inguinal ligament

Front 10

What is the order of the vessels in the femoral sheath?

Back 10

Artery, vein, femoral canal (often containing the deep inguinal lymph nodes)

Front 11

What compartment does the femoral nerve run through and with what?

Back 11

Runs in the muscular compartment with iliacus muscle.

Front 12

What runs through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis?

Back 12

Superior gluteal nerve, artery and vein

Front 13

What runs through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis?

Back 13

Inferior gluteal nerve, artery and vein, the nerve to obturator internus, the nerve to quadrates femoris, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, pudendal nerve and sciatic nerve.
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Front 14

Which muscles perform lateral rotation of the thigh?

Back 14

Piriformis, Obturator internus, Superior and inferior gemelli, Quadratus femoris and Obturator externus

Front 15

Which muscles are innervated by the nerve to quadratus femoris?

Back 15

Quadratus femoris and inferior gemelli

Front 16

Which muscles are innervated by the nerve to obturator internus?

Back 16

Obturator internus and Superior gemelli

Front 17

What does Trendelenberg's test indicate?

Back 17

Suggests weakness of gluteus medius and minimus. Droops on the unaffected side. Superior gluteal nerve.

Front 18

Which muscles of the gluteal region are responsible for abduction?

Back 18

Gluteus medius and minimus

Front 19

Which muscles are innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?

Back 19

Gluteus medius and minimus

Front 20

What innervated gluteus maximus?

Back 20

Inferior gluteal nerve

Front 21

What is the function of gluteus maximus?

Back 21

Extension

Front 22

What is the function of tensor fascia latae?

Back 22

Stabilises the knee

Front 23

What are the complications of a fracture of the shaft of the femur?

Back 23

Laceration of the profunda femoral/ deep femoral artery of the thigh --> Hypovolaemic shock because the thigh can hold a lot of blood --> Compartment syndrome is not common as it can hold so much blood

Front 24

Which muscle is the odd one out in terms on innervation in the muscle compartment of the anterior thigh? And what are the nerves in question?

Back 24

Psoas major - innervated by anterior rami --- All the rest are innervated by the femoral nerve

Front 25

Which muscles are responsible for flexion of the hip?

Back 25

Psoas major, Iliacus and Rectus femoris

Front 26

What does vastus medialis, intermedius and laterals do?

Back 26

Extend the knee

Front 27

Which muscle both flexes at the hip and extends the knee?

Back 27

Rectus femoris

Front 28

What is the action of sartorius?

Back 28

Flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the thigh, flexes the knee

Front 29

Which nerve is the primary innervation for the medial compartment of the thigh?

Back 29

Obturator nerve

Front 30

Which muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh are not supplied by the obturator nerve?

Back 30

Pectineus - Femoral nerve ---- Adductor magnus - Sciatic nerve and obturator nerve

Front 31

What is the function of the medial compartment of the thigh? Which muscle is the exception to this rule and what does it do?

Back 31

Adduction of the thigh. The Obturator externus laterally rotates the thigh.

Front 32

What are the three muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Back 32

Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus

Front 33

What innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Back 33

Sciatic nerve

Front 34

What are the actions of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Back 34

Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee

Front 35

If someone sustains an avulsion fracture of semimembranosus which bone have they torn?

Back 35

Ischial tuberosity

Front 36

Where are the most likely places for avulsion fractures in the hips?

Back 36

ASIS, AIIS, Ischial tuberosities and ischiopubic rami

Front 37

What type of fracture is most likely to result in a compound fracture?

Back 37

Fractures of the tibia

Front 38

At what point is the tibia most likely to fracture? What else occurs at this point?

Back 38

Junction of the middle and inferior thirds. There is poor blood supply.

Front 39

What type of fracture would a skiing injury to the tibia cause?

Back 39

Diagonal fracture

Front 40

At what point on the fibula is it most likely to fracture? And what are they commonly associated with?

Back 40

2-6cm proximal to the distal end of the lateral malleolus. Commonly associated with fracture-dislocation of the ankle joint.

Front 41

What is a fracture-dislocation of the ankle joint?

Back 41

When a person slips and the foot is forced into an excessively inverted position and the talus forcibly shears off the lateral malleolus.

Front 42

What does the anterior cruciate ligament prevent?

Back 42

The tibia moving anterior to the femur.

Front 43

What does the posterior cruciate ligament prevent?

Back 43

The tibia moving posterior to the femur.

Front 44

Which ligament prevents lateral movement of the fibula?

Back 44

The lateral collateral ligament

Front 45

Which ligament prevents medial movement of the tibia?

Back 45

The medial collateral ligament

Front 46

What three structures are likely to rupture together?

Back 46

Medial collateral ligament, medial meninscus and the ACL

Front 47

Which nerve provides sensory fibres to the knee joint?

Back 47

Femoral nerve

Front 48

Which 3 neurovascular structures pass through the popliteal fossa posterior to the knee?

Back 48

Popliteal artery and vein and tibial nerve

Front 49

What would a fracture of the head of the fibula endanger?

Back 49

The common fibula nerve as it wraps around the head of the fibula.

Front 50

Which artery in the knee provides blood to the foot?

Back 50

The popliteal

Front 51

What are the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Back 51

Tibialis anterior, Extensor hallicus longus, Extensor digitorum longus and Fibularis tertius

Front 52

What is the function of tibialis anterior?

Back 52

Dorsiflexion of the ankle

Front 53

What is the function of Fibularis tertius?

Back 53

Dorsiflexion and eversion of the ankle

Front 54

What is the nerve that innervates all the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

Back 54

Deep fibular nerve

Front 55

What is the function of the lateral compartment of the leg and what are the 2 muscle in this compartment?

Back 55

Eversion and Fibularis longus and brevis. Longus also plantarflexes the ankle.

Front 56

Which compartment does the superficial fibular nerve supply?

Back 56

The lateral compartment of the leg

Front 57

What are the 3 superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

Back 57

Gastronemius, Plantaris and Soleus

Front 58

What nerve innervates both the superficial and deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

Back 58

The tibial nerve

Front 59

What do the Popliteus, Flexor hallicus longus, Flexor digitorum longus and Tibialis posterior have in common?

Back 59

They are all muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg. They are all supplied by the tibial nerve.

Front 60

Which muscles are responsible for plantar flexion?

Back 60

Gastrocnemius, Plantaris, Soleus, Tibialis posterior and Fibularis longus

Front 61

What actions, other than plantar flexion, do gastrocnemius and plantaris perform?

Back 61

Flexion of the knee

Front 62

What is the role of popliteus?

Back 62

Unlocks the knee

Front 63

Other than plantarflexion what do tibialis posterior do?

Back 63

Inversion

Front 64

What would compression of the common fibular nerve cause?

Back 64

Presentation of foot drop, loss of sensation over the foot and lateral part of the leg. This is due to compromise of tibialis anterior.

Front 65

What would pain over the base of the 5th metatarsal indicate, when combined with an inversion injury?

Back 65

Rupture of fibularis brevis tendon

Front 66

What passes through the tarsal tunnel?

Back 66

Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, Posterior tibial artery, veins, Tibial nerve, Flexor hallicus longus
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Front 67

Which muscle group, Hamstrings or Quadriceps, is more likely to rupture?

Back 67

Hamstrings are twice as likely.

Front 68

If someone is stabbed in the bottom which nerve is at risk and what are the complications and prognosis of this injury?

Back 68

The Sciatic nerve is at risk. This causes loss of all hip, knee, ankle and foot movement. The recovery from this is slow and usually incomplete.

Front 69

Which nerve innervates most of the dorsum of the foot?

Back 69

Superficial fibular

Front 70

Which nerve innervates the lateral side of the foot?

Back 70

The sural nerve

Front 71

Which nerve innervates over the medial malleolus?

Back 71

The saphenous nerve

Front 72

Which nerve innervates the web between the 1st and 2nd toes?

Back 72

Deep fibular

Front 73

Which nerve innervates most of the plantar surface of the foot?

Back 73

Medial plantar nerve

Front 74

Which nerve innervates the heel?

Back 74

Calcaneal branches from the tibial and sural nerves

Front 75

Which nerve innervates the lateral side of the foot?

Back 75

Lateral planter nerve