Lower Limb Brs

Front 1

what's the hip bone formed by?

Back 1

fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis of pelvis

Front 2

what does the hip bone articulate w/?

Back 2

sacrum @ sacroiliac joint to form pelvic girdle

Front 3

what part of hip bone does ilium make up?

Back 3

lateral part

Front 4

what does the ilium, pubis, and ischium join to form?

Back 4

acetabulum

Front 5

what are the parts of the ilium?

Back 5

body
ala/wing
anterior-superior iliac spine
anterior-inferior iliac spine
posterior iliac spine
greater sciatic notch
iliac fossa
gluteal lines

Front 6

what does the pubis form?

Back 6

anterior part of acetabulum
anteromedial part of hip bone

Front 7

what does the ischium form?

Back 7

posteroinferior part of acetabulum
lower posterior part of hip bone

Front 8

what are the parts of the pubis?

Back 8

body
superior ramus
inferior ramus
part of obturator foramen

Front 9

what are the parts of the ischium?

Back 9

body
ramus
ischial spine
ischial tuberosity
lesser sciatic notch

Front 10

what's the ischiopubic ramus formed by?

Back 10

ischium joining inferior pubic ramus

Front 11

what is the acetabulum?

Back 11

incomplete cup-shaped cavity on lateral side of hip bone where femur fits

Front 12

what are the parts of the acetabulum?

Back 12

acetabular notch

Front 13

what's it formed by?

Back 13

ilium- superiorly
ischium-posteroinferiorly
pubis-anteromedially

Front 14

what's the femur's claim to fame?

Back 14

longest and strongest bone in body!

Front 15

what are the main parts of the femur?

Back 15

head
neck
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
linea aspera
pectineal line
adductor tubercle

Front 16

how is head of femur positioned in acetabulum?

Back 16

directed medially, upward, and slightly forward to fit

Front 17

what is a special part of femur head?

Back 17

fovea capitis femoris- depression in articular surface

Front 18

how do you dislocate the femoral head?

Back 18

you get old! (osteoperosis)

Front 19

how do you fix a dislocated femoral head?

Back 19

hip replacement

Front 20

how does a dislocated femoral head present?

Back 20

shortened lower limb w/ medial rotation

Front 21

what happens if you fracture the neck of the femur? why?

Back 21

ischemic necrosis of the neck and head b/c of an interruption of blood supply from the medial femoral circumflex artery

Front 22

how does a fractured femur neck present in clinic?

Back 22

pull of distal fragment upward by quadriceps femoris, adductors and hamstring muscles so that the affected lower limb is shortened w/ lateral rotation

Front 23

what is a pertrochanteric fracture?

Back 23

-femoral fracture thru trochanters
-form of extracapsular hip fracture

Front 24

who is pertrochanteric fracture more common in?

Back 24

elderly women than men b/c osteoperosis contribs to this

Front 25

what does the neck of the femur do?

Back 25

connects the head to the body
forms an angle of about 125 degrees w/ the shaft
fractures commonly!

Front 26

what is the neck separated from the shaft by?

Back 26

intertrochanteric line

Front 27

where is the greater trochanter?

Back 27

projects upward from the junction of the neck with the shaft

Front 28

where is the lesser trochanter?

Back 28

lies in angle b/w neck and shaft
projects at the inferior end of the intertrochanteric crest

Front 29

what's the linea aspera?

Back 29

rough line or ridge on the body of the femur

Front 30

where's the pectineal line?

Back 30

runs from lesser trochanter to medial lip of linea aspera

Front 31

what's the adductor tubercle?

Back 31

small prominence at uppermost part of medial femoral condyle

Front 32

what's the result of a dislocated knee or fractured distal femur?

Back 32

may injure the popliteal artery b/c of the artery's deep position next to femur and knee joint capsule

Front 33

how do you get a transverse patellar fracture?

Back 33

from a blow to the knee or from sudden contraction of the quadriceps muscle

Front 34

what's the result of the transverse patellar fracture?

Back 34

-proximal fragment of patella is pulled superiorly w/ quadriceps tendon
-distal fragment stays w/ patellar ligament

Front 35

what's a bumper fracture?

Back 35

fracture of the lateral tibial condyle that's caused by an automobile bumper

Front 36

what's the result of a bumper fracture?

Back 36

common peroneal nerve injury

Front 37

what's the patella's claim to fame?

Back 37

largest sesamoid bone

Front 38

what are the patella's funcs?

Back 38

-prevents wear and attrition (wearing down) on the quadriceps tendon as it passes across the trochlear groove
-increases angle of pull of quadriceps femoris, magnifying its power

Front 39

what tendon encloses the patella?

Back 39

w/i the quadriceps femoris tendon

Front 40

what are the tibia's funcs?

Back 40

-weight-bearing medial bone of leg
-has tibial tuberosity that patellar ligament uses as an insertion
-articulates w/ femur condyles by using its medial and lateral condyles

Front 41

what are the tibia's parts?

Back 41

tibial tuberosity
medial condyles
lateral condyles
medial malleolus
malleolar groove

Front 42

what's the fibula's func?

Back 42

not weight bearing
provides attachment for muscles
-lateral malleolus articulates w/ trochlea of talus

Front 43

what are the parts of the fibula?

Back 43

head
lateral malleolus
sulcus

Front 44

what is Pott's fracture (Dupuytren's fracture)?

Back 44

fracture of the lower end of the fibula

Front 45

what fractures often accompany Pott's fracture (Dupuytren's fracture)?

Back 45

medial malleolus frature
deltoid ligament rupture

Front 46

what causes Pott's fracture (Dupuytren's fracture)?

Back 46

forced eversion of foot

Front 47

what's Pillion's fracture?

Back 47

T-shaped fracture of the distal femur w/ displacement of the condyles

Front 48

what causes Pillion's fracture?

Back 48

blow to the flexed knee of a person riding pillion on a motorcycle (riding on the seat behind the main seat)

Front 49

what's the result of a fracture of the fibular neck?

Back 49

injury to the common peroneal nerve

Front 50

what's the result of the fracture of the fibular neck?

Back 50

common peroneal n injury:
paralysis of all muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg (dorsiflexors and evertors of the foot), causing foot drop!

Front 51

how many bones in tarsus?

Back 51

7 tarsal bones

Front 52

list the bones of the tarsus:

Back 52

talus
calcaneus
navicular bone
cuboid bone
3 cuneiform bones

Front 53

what is the func of the talus?

Back 53

-transmits the weight of the body from the tibia to the foot
-its head serves as the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot

Front 54

what's the talus' claim to fame?

Back 54

only tarsal bone w/o muscle attachments

Front 55

what are the parts of the talus?

Back 55

neck
sulcus tali
body
head

Front 56

what's calcaneus' claim to fame?

Back 56

largest and strongest bone of foot

Front 57

where is the calcaneus?

Back 57

lies below the talus

Front 58

what are the parts of calcaneus?

Back 58

sustentaculum tali
groove

Front 59

what's the calcaneus' func?

Back 59

forms the heel of the foot
provides an att for Achilles tendon

Front 60

what's the sustentaculum tali?

Back 60

medial projection from the calcaneus
supports the head of the talus
has groove

Front 61

what's the navicular bone?

Back 61

boat-shaped tarsal bone b/w the head of the talus and the 3 cuneiform bones

Front 62

what's special about the cuboid bone?

Back 62

-most lateraly placed tarsal bone
-serves as keystone of lateral longitudinal arch of foot

Front 63

what are the cuneiform bones?

Back 63

3 wedge shaped bones that form part of medial longitudinal and proximal transverse arches

Front 64

what is the metatarsus made up of?

Back 64

5 metatarsals

Front 65

what's the march fracture (stress fracture)?

Back 65

fatigue fracture of one of the metatarsals

Front 66

how can you get the march fracture?

Back 66

prolonged walking

Front 67

what population has common metatarsal fractures?

Back 67

female ballet dancers when they lose their balance and put their full body weight on the metatarsals

Front 68

how many phalanges?

Back 68

14 bones: 2 in 1st digit
3 in ea other digit

Front 69

what type of joint is the hip (coxal) joint?

Back 69

multiaxial ball-and-socket synovial joint

Front 70

what is the hip joint a joint b/w?

Back 70

acetabulum of hip bone and head of femur

Front 71

what mvmnts does hip joint allow?

Back 71

abduction
adduction
flexion
extension
circumduction
rotation

Front 72

what stabilizes hip joint?

Back 72

acetabular labrum
fibrous capsule
capsular ligaments

Front 73

what deepens the hip joint cavity?

Back 73

fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum

Front 74

what completes the hip joint cavity?

Back 74

transverse acetabular ligament, which converts acetabular notch into foramen for passage of nutrient vessels and nerves

Front 75

what supplies the blood to the hip joint?

Back 75

medial femoral circumflex arteries
lateral femoral circumflex arteris
superior gluteal
inferior gluteal
obturator arteries

Front 76

what artery does the posterior branch of the obturator artery give rise to?

Back 76

artery of ligamentum teres capitis femoris

Front 77

what's the acetabular labrum?

Back 77

complete fibrocartilage rim that deepens articular socket for the head of the femur and then stabilizes the hip joint

Front 78

what does the fibrous capsule of the hip joint enclose?

Back 78

part of the head of the femur
most of the neck of the femur

Front 79

what reinforces the fibrous capsule of the hip joint?

Back 79

ant- iliofemoral ligament
post- ischiofemoral ligament
inf- pubofemoral ligament

Front 80

what's coxa valga?

Back 80

alteration of the angle made by the axis of the femoral neck to the axis of the femoral shaft
angle exceeds 135 degrees
femoral neck straightens out

Front 81

what's coxa vara?

Back 81

alteration of angle made by axis of femoral neck to the axis of the femoral shaft
angle is less than 135 degrees
femoral neck becomes more horizontal

Front 82

what's the iliofemoral ligament?

Back 82

largest and most important ligament that reinforces the fibrous capsule anteriorly
in form of an inverted Y

Front 83

what's the purpose of the iliofemoral ligament?

Back 83

resists hyperextension and lateral rotation at the hip joint during standing

Front 84

what's the purpose of the ischiofemoral ligament?

Back 84

reinforces the fibrous capsule posteriorly
limits extension and medial rotation of the thigh

Front 85

what's the purpose of the pubofemoral ligament?

Back 85

reinforces the fibrous capsule inferiorly
limits extension and abduction

Front 86

what's the round ligament of the head of femur?

Back 86

ligamentum teres capitis femoris

Front 87

what's the purpose of ligamentum teres capitis femoris?

Back 87

provides pathway for the artery of the ligamentum capitis femoris (foveolar artery) from the obturator artery

Front 88

what's the importance of the foveolar artery?

Back 88

supplies significant amt of blood to femoral head during childhood

Front 89

what's the func of the transverse acetabular ligament?

Back 89

bridges acetabular notch
converts acetabular notch into a foramen that allows entrance of nutrient vessels into joint

Front 90

what's the largest and most complicated joint?

Back 90

knee joint!

Front 91

what type of joint is knee joint?

Back 91

condylar type of synovial joint
saddle joint

Front 92

what is condylar type of synovial joint of knee b/w?

Back 92

2 condyles of femur and tibia

Front 93

what's saddle joint of knee b/w?

Back 93

femur and patella

Front 94

what encompasses the knee joint?

Back 94

fibrous capsule

Front 95

describe fibrous capsule?

Back 95

thin, weak and incomplete
surrounds lateral and post aspects of knee joint

Front 96

what mvmnts does knee joint permit?

Back 96

flexion
extension
some gliding
rotation in flexed position
full extension w/ medial rotation

Front 97

what stabilizes the knee joint laterally?

Back 97

laterally- biceps and gastrocnemius
iliotibial tract
fibular collateral ligaments

Front 98

what stabilizes the knee joint medially?

Back 98

sartorius
gracilis
gastrocnemius
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
tibial collateral ligament

Front 99

what does knee joint get blood from?

Back 99

genicular branches of popliteal artery
descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery
articular branch of descending genicular artery
anterior tibial recurrent artery

Front 100

what's the knee innervated by?

Back 100

sciatic n
femoral n
obturator n

Front 101

what supports knee?

Back 101

several ligaments
menisci

Front 102

what does hemarthrosis (blood in joint) cause?

Back 102

rapid swelling of injured knee joint

Front 103

what does inflammatory joint effusion cause?

Back 103

slow swelling of knee joint

Front 104

what are the ligaments of the knee?

Back 104

anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament

Front 105

where is the anterior cruciate ligament?

Back 105

inside knee joint capsule
outside synovial cavity of joint

Front 106

how does the ACL compare to the PCL?

Back 106

ACL IS LONGER

Front 107

what's the purpose of the ACL?

Back 107

prevents forward sliding of the tibia on the femur (or posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia)
prevents knee joint hyperextension

Front 108

when is ACL taut and when is it lax?

Back 108

taut- knee extension
lax- knee flexion

Front 109

how does ACL get torn?

Back 109

when knee is hyperextended

Front 110

where is the posterior cruciate ligament?

Back 110

outside synovial cavity
inside fibrous joint capsule

Front 111

what condyles do ACL and PCL att to?

Back 111

ACL- lateral femoral condyle
PCL- medial femoral condyle

Front 112

how does PCL compare in size to ACL?

Back 112

PCL is shorter, straighter and stronger than ACL

Front 113

what's the func of PCL?

Back 113

prevents backward sliding of tibia on femur (or anterior displacement of femur on tibia)
limits hyperflexion of knee

Front 114

when is PCL taut? lax?

Back 114

taut- knee flexion
lax- knee extension

Front 115

what's the anterior drawer sign?

Back 115

forward sliding of tibia on femur b/c of ACL rupture

Front 116

what's the posterior drawer sign?

Back 116

backward sliding of tibia on femur caused by PCL rupture

Front 117

which meniscus of knee is more frequently torn in injuries? why?

Back 117

medial meniscus b/c of its strong att to tibial collateral ligament

Front 118

where is the medial meniscus?

Back 118

outside synovial cavity
w/i joint capsule

Front 119

what's the shape of meniscus?

Back 119

C-shaped: semicircle

Front 120

what's the func of medial meniscus?

Back 120

acts as cushion or shock absorber
lubricates articular surfaces by distributing synovial fluid in windshield wiper fashion

Front 121

when does "unhappy triad" of knee joint happen?

Back 121

when football player's cleated shoe is planted firmly in turf and knee is struck from lateral side

Front 122

how does an "unhappy triad" present?

Back 122

markedly swollen knee, (esp in suprapatellar region)
results in tenderness on application of pressure along tibial collateral ligament

Front 123

what is damaged in "unhappy triad"?

Back 123

-rupture of tibial collateral ligament
-tearing of anterior cruciate ligament b/c of forward displacement of tibia
-injury to medial meniscus b/c of att to tibial collateral ligament att

Front 124

where is the lateral meniscus?

Back 124

outside synovial cavity
within joint capsule

Front 125

what's the shape of lateral meniscus?

Back 125

nearly circular

Front 126

what's the func of lateral meniscus?

Back 126

acts as a cushion
facilitates lubrication
forms more stable base for articulation of femoral condyle

Front 127

what happens if medial (tibial) collateral ligament is damaged? why?

Back 127

results in injury to medial meniscus b/c the 2 are firmly attached to ea other

Front 128

what's the func of the medial (tibial) collateral ligament?

Back 128

-prevents medial displacement of 2 long bones and thus abduction of the leg @ the knee
-becomes taut on extension and limits extension and abduction of leg

Front 129

what's the func of the medial (tibial) collateral ligament?

Back 129

prevents medial displacement of the 2 long bones and thus abduction of the leg at the knee becomes taut on extension and thus limits extension and abduction of the leg

Front 130

what is knock knee (genu valgum)?

Back 130

deformity in which the tibia is bent or twisted laterally

Front 131

what can cause knock knee?

Back 131

from collapse of the lateral compartment of the knee and rupture of the medial collateral ligament

Front 132

what is bowleg (genu varum)?

Back 132

deformity in which the tibia is bent medially

Front 133

what can cause bowleg?

Back 133

collapse of the medial compartment of the knee and rupture of the lateral collateral ligament

Front 134

what's the func of the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament?

Back 134

becomes taut on extension and limits extension and adduction of the leg

Front 135

which ligament is a continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon?

Back 135

patellar ligament

Front 136

what's the patellar ligament's claim to fame?

Back 136

part of it can be used to fix the anterior cruciate ligament

Front 137

what's the patellar tendon reflex?

Back 137

a tap on the patellar tendon elicits extension of the knee joint

Front 138

where are both the afferent and efferent limbs of the reflex arc for the patellar tendon reflex?

Back 138

femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Front 139

what can be used for tendon autografts to the long flexors of the fingers?

Back 139

plantaris muscle tendon

Front 140

what are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?

Back 140

ACL, PCL, medial meniscus, lateral meniscus, transverse ligament

Front 141

what are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?

Back 141

medial (tibial) collateral ligament, lateral (fibular) collateral ligament, patellar ligament (tendon), arcuate popliteal ligament, oblique popliteal ligament, popliteus tendon

Front 142

what's the func of oblique popliteal ligament?

Back 142

resists hyperextension of the leg and lateral rotation during the final phase of extension

Front 143

what tendon is the oblique popliteal ligament an oblique expansion of?

Back 143

semimembranosus tendon

Front 144

what's the major bursa communicating w/ the knee joint cavity?

Back 144

suprapatellar bursa

Front 145

what other bursa also may communicate w/ the knee joint cavity?

Back 145

semimembranosus bursa

Front 146

list the bursae of the knee:

Back 146

suprapatellar bursa, prepatellar bursa, infrapatellar bursa, anserine bursa/ pes anserinus

Front 147

what's the infrapatellar bursa consist of?

Back 147

subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa, deep infrapatellar bursa

Front 148

what's prepatellar bursitis (housemaid's knee)?

Back 148

inflammation and swelling of the prepatellar bursa

Front 149

what's a popliteal (Baker's) cyst?

Back 149

swelling behind the knee

Front 150

what can cause popliteal cyst?

Back 150

knee arthritis, meniscus injury, herniation or tear of the joint capsule

Front 151

what is impaired by a popliteal cyst?

Back 151

flexion and extension of the knee joint

Front 152

what makes the popliteal cyst pain worse?

Back 152

worse when knee fully extended, like during prolonged standing or walking

Front 153

how do you treat a popliteal cyst?

Back 153

draining and decompressing the cyst

Front 154

list the tibiofibular joints:

Back 154

proximal tibiofibular joint, distal tibiofibular joint

Front 155

what type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

Back 155

plane-type synovial joint b/w the head of the fibula and tibia

Front 156

what type of mvmnt does the proximal tibiofibular joint allow?

Back 156

little gliding mvmnt

Front 157

what type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

Back 157

fibrous joint b/w the tibia and fibula

Front 158

what type of joint is the ankle (talocrural) joint?

Back 158

hinge-type (ginglymus) synovial joint b/w the tibia and fibula superiorly and the trochlea of the talus inferiorly

Front 159

what mvmnts does the ankle (talocrural) joint allow?

Back 159

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Front 160

what's the articular capsule?

Back 160

thin, fibrous capsule that lies anteriorly and posteriorly, allowing mvmnt in the ankle

Front 161

what reinforces the articular capsule?

Back 161

medially- medial (deltoid) ligament laterally- lateral (collateral) ligament

Front 162

why does articular capsule need to be reinforced?

Back 162

prevents anterior/posterior slipping of the tibia and fibula on the talus

Front 163

what are the 4 parts of the medial (deltoid) ligament?

Back 163

tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, anterior tibiotalar, posterior tibiotalar ligaments

Front 164

what's the func of the medial (deltoid) ligament?

Back 164

prevents overeversion of the foot and helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch

Front 165

what are the 3 parts of the lateral ligament?

Back 165

anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular ligaments

Front 166

what's the func of the lateral ligaments?

Back 166

resists inversion of the foot

Front 167

which ligament may be torn during an ankle sprain (inversion injury)?

Back 167

lateral ligament

Front 168

what are the 4 intertarsal joints?

Back 168

talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint, talocalcaneonavicular joint, calcaneocuboid joint, transverse tarsal (midtarsal) joint

Front 169

what type of joint is the talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint?

Back 169

plane synovial joint b/w the talus and calcaneus bones

Front 170

what funcs does the talocalcaneal joint allow?

Back 170

inversion and eversion of the foot

Front 171

what type of joint is the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

Back 171

ball and socket joint b/w talus (ball) and calcaneus and navcular bones (socket)

Front 172

what supports the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

Back 172

spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) ligament

Front 173

what type of joint is the calcaneocuboid joint?

Back 173

resembles saddle joint b/w calcaneus and cuboid bones

Front 174

what supports the calcaneocuboid joint?

Back 174

short plantar (plantar calcaneocuboid) and long plantar ligaments and the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle

Front 175

what's the transverse tarsal (midtarsal) joint?

Back 175

collective term for the talonavicular part of the talocalcaneonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid joint … the two joints are separated anatomically, but act together functionally

Front 176

what's the func of the transverse tarsal (midtarsal) joint?

Back 176

inversion and eversion of the foot

Front 177

what type of joint is the tarsometatarsal joint?

Back 177

plane synovial joints that strengthen the transverse arch

Front 178

what unites the tarsometatarsal joints?

Back 178

articular capsules

Front 179

what reinforces the tarsometatarsal joints?

Back 179

plantar, dorsal, and interosseous ligaments

Front 180

what type of joint is the metatarsophalangeal joint?

Back 180

ellipsoid (condyloid) synovial joint

Front 181

what unites the metatarsophalangeal joint?

Back 181

articular capsules

Front 182

what reinforces the metatarsophalangeal joint?

Back 182

plantar and collateral ligaments

Front 183

what's a bunion?

Back 183

localized swelling @ the medial side of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint (or of the first metatarsal head)

Front 184

what causes a bunion?

Back 184

inflammatory bursa.. And it's unusually associated w/ hallux valgus

Front 185

what's a bunionectomy?

Back 185

excision of an abnormal prominence on the medial part of the 1st metatarsal head

Front 186

what's a hallux valgus?

Back 186

lateral deviation of the big toe

Front 187

what symptom is hallux valgus frequently accompanied w/?

Back 187

swelling (bunion) on the medial aspect of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint

Front 188

what's a hallux varus?

Back 188

medial deviation of the big toe

Front 189

what type of joint is the interphalangeal joint?

Back 189

hinge-type (ginglymus) synovial joints

Front 190

what joins the interphalangeal joint?

Back 190

articular capsules

Front 191

what reinforces the interphalangeal joint?

Back 191

plantar and collateral ligaments

Front 192

what plexus does the lateral femoral cutaneous n come from?

Back 192

lumbar plexus

Front 193

what nerve levels does lateral femoral cutaneous n come from?

Back 193

L2, L3

Front 194

what does the lateral femoral cutaneous n innervate?

Back 194

skin on the anterior and lateral aspects of the thigh as far as the knee

Front 195

what do the clunial (buttock) nerves innervate?

Back 195

skin of the gluteal region

Front 196

what are the branches of the clunial nerves?

Back 196

superior- lateral branches of the dorsal rami of the upper 3 lumbar nerves
middle- lateral branches of the dorsal rami of the upper 3 sacral n
inferior- gluteal branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

Front 197

what plexus does the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve come from?

Back 197

sacral plexus

Front 198

what nerve levels does the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve come from?

Back 198

S1, S2, S3

Front 199

what nerves go thru the greater sciatic foramen?

Back 199

sciatic nerve and posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, superior/inferior gluteal nn, pudendal n, n to obturator internus, n to quadratus femoris

Front 200

what does the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve innervate?

Back 200

skin of buttock, thigh and calf

Front 201

where does the saphenous n come from?

Back 201

from femoral n in the femoral triangle

Front 202

what vessels does saphenous n accompany thru the femoral triangle?

Back 202

femoral vessels

Front 203

what vessels does the saphenous n descend down leg w/?

Back 203

great saphenous vein

Front 204

what does the saphenous n innervate?

Back 204

skin on medial part of the leg and foot

Front 205

how can the saphenous n be injured?

Back 205

its proximal part can be injured during surgery to repair varicose veins

Front 206

where does the lateral sural cutaneous n come from?

Back 206

common peroneal n in the popliteal fossa

Front 207

does the lateral sural cutaneous n communicate w/ the medial sural cutaneous n?

Back 207

it may

Front 208

what does the lateral sural cutaneous n innervate?

Back 208

skin on posterolateral part of leg

Front 209

where does the medial sural cutaneous n come from?

Back 209

tibial n in the popliteal fossa

Front 210

what happens if the medial sural cutaneous n and lateral sural cutaneous n join?

Back 210

they form the sural nerve

Front 211

what does the medial sural cutaneous n innervate?

Back 211

innerv skin on the back of the leg and the lateral part of the ankle, heel and foot

Front 212

what does the sural n innervate?

Back 212

skin on back of the leg and the lateral part of the ankle, heel and foot

Front 213

what does the superficial peroneal n innervate?

Back 213

skin on the lateral side of the lower leg and the dorsum of the foot

Front 214

what nn does the superficial peroneal n divide into?

Back 214

medial dorsal cutaneous n and intermediate dorsal cutaneous n

Front 215

what does the medial dorsal cutaneous n innerv?

Back 215

medial sides of foot and ankle, medial side of great toe and adjacent sides of the 2nd and 3rd toes

Front 216

what does the intermediate dorsal cutaneous n innerv?

Back 216

skin of the lateral sides of the foot and ankle and adjacent sides of the 3rd, 4th, and little toes

Front 217

what does the deep peroneal n innerv?

Back 217

anterior muscles of leg and foot and skin of the contiguous sides of the first and second toes

Front 218

where does the great saphenous vein begin?

Back 218

at the medial end of the dorsal venous arch of the foot

Front 219

what vein does the great saphenous v join?

Back 219

passes thru the saphenous opening (fossa ovalis) to join femoral vein

Front 220

what veins does the great saphenous vein receive?

Back 220

external pudendal, superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex ilia, lateral femoral cutaneous and accessory saphenous veins

Front 221

what is a good vessel to use in coronary artery bypass surgery?

Back 221

great saphenous vein

Front 222

what's a good vessel to use for venipuncture?

Back 222

great saphenous vein

Front 223

what n is vulnerable to injury when the great saphenous vein is harvested for bypass?

Back 223

saphenous n

Front 224

how do you prepare the great saphenous v for the bypass?

Back 224

reverse the vein so the valves don't obstruct blood flow in the graft

Front 225

what happens to the great saphenous v in the leg?

Back 225

vein and its tributaries become dilated and varicosed

Front 226

where are varicose veins common?

Back 226

posteromedial parts of lower limb

Front 227

where does the small (short) saphenous vein begin?

Back 227

at the lateral end of the dorsal venous arch

Front 228

where n does the small saphenous v accompany?

Back 228

sural n

Front 229

where does small saphenous v go w/ sural n and where does it end?

Back 229

goes thru the popliteal fossa where it ends in the popliteal v

Front 230

what's a thrombophlebitis?

Back 230

venous inflammation w/ thrombus formation that happens in the superficial veins in the lower limb

Front 231

what can thrombophlebitis lead to?

Back 231

pulmonary embolism

Front 232

where do most pulmonary emboli originate?

Back 232

in deep veins

Front 233

what can reduce the risk of embolism?

Back 233

anticoagulant treatment

Front 234

where do varicose veins develop?

Back 234

develop in superficial veins of the lower limb

Front 235

why do varicose veins develop?

Back 235

reduced elasticity and incompetent valves in the veins or thrombophlebitis of the deep veins

Front 236

what are superfical lymph vessels formed by?

Back 236

vessels from the gluteal region, abdominal wall and external genitalia

Front 237

what groups are the superficial lymph vessels divided into?

Back 237

medial group and lateral group

Front 238

what does the medial group of superficial lymph vessels follow?

Back 238

great saphenous vein to the end in the inguinal nodes

Front 239

what does the lateral group of superficial lymph vessels follow?

Back 239

small saphenous vein to end in popliteal nodes… their efferent follow femoral vessels to end in inguinal nodes

Front 240

what are the deep lymph vessels made of?

Back 240

anterior tibial, posterior tibial, peroneal vessels

Front 241

what do the deep lymph vessels enter?

Back 241

popliteal lymph nodes

Front 242

what path do the lymph vessels from the popliteal nodes take?

Back 242

accompany femoral vessels to the inguinal nodes, which enter external iliac nodes and ultimately drain into the lumbar (aortic) nodes and vessels

Front 243

where are the superficial inguinal grp of lymph nodes?

Back 243

subcutaneously near the saphenofemoral junction

Front 244

what do the superficial inguinal grp of lymph nodes drain?

Back 244

superficial thigh region

Front 245

what nodes does the superficial inguinal grp of lymph nodes drain into?

Back 245

external iliac nodes

Front 246

where does the superficial inguinal grp of lymph nodes receive lymph from?

Back 246

receives lymph from the anterolateral abdominal wall below the umbilicus, gluteal region, lower parts of the vagina and anus, and external genitalia except the glans

Front 247

where's the deep inguinal grp of lymph nodes?

Back 247

lies deep to the fascia lata on the medial side of the femoral vein

Front 248

where does the deep inguinal grp of lymph nodes receive lymph from?

Back 248

deep lymph vessels (efferents of popliteal nodes) that accompany femoral vessels and from glans penis or glans clitoris, and drains into external iliac nodes through the femoral canal

Front 249

what ligaments turns the lesser sciatic notch into the lesser sciatic foramen?

Back 249

sacrotuberous ligament and sacrospinous ligament

Front 250

what ligament converts the greater sciatic notch into the greater sciatic foramen?

Back 250

sacrospinous ligament

Front 251

what muscles have pathway thru greater sciatic foramen?

Back 251

piriformis muscle

Front 252

what vessels have pathway thru greater sciatic foramen?

Back 252

superior/ inferior gluteal vessels, internal pudendal vessels

Front 253

what muscles have pathway thru lesser sciatic foramen?

Back 253

obturator internus TENDON

Front 254

what nn have pathway thru lesser sciatic foramen?

Back 254

n to obturator internus, pudendal n

Front 255

what vessels have pathway thru lesser sciatic foramen?

Back 255

internal pudendal vessels

Front 256

what passes thru both the greater sciatic foramen and the lesser sciatic foramen?

Back 256

pudendal n, n to obturator internus, internal pudendal vessels

Front 257

what's the iliotibial tract?

Back 257

thick lateral part of the fascia lata

Front 258

what's the func of the iliotibial tract?

Back 258

forms fibrous capsule of knee joint, maintains posture and locomotion, provides insertion for gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae muscles

Front 259

what's fascia lata?

Back 259

membranous, deep fascia covering muscles of the thigh

Front 260

what does fascia lata form?

Back 260

lateral and medial intermuscular septa by its inward extension to the femur

Front 261

what's gluteal gait (gluteus medius limp)?

Back 261

waddling gait : pelvis falls (droops) towards unaffected side when the opposite leg is raised @ each step

Front 262

what causes gluteal gait (gluteus medius limp)?

Back 262

paralysis of the gluteus medius muscle, which normally functions to stabilize the pelvis when the opposite foot is off the ground

Front 263

what is a common site for the intramuscular injection of medications?

Back 263

gluteal region: superior lateral quadrant to avoid injury to the underlying sciatic nerve and others

Front 264

what are the muscles of the gluteal region?

Back 264

gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae, piriformis, obturator internus, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, quadratus femoris

Front 265

what are the posterior muscles of the thigh?

Back 265

semitendinous, semimembranosus, biceps femoris

Front 266

what n innerv gluteus maximus?

Back 266

inferior gluteal

Front 267

what n innerv gluteus medius?

Back 267

superior gluteal

Front 268

what n innerv gluteus minimus?

Back 268

superior gluteal

Front 269

what n innerv tensor fasciae latae?

Back 269

superior gluteal

Front 270

what n innerv piriformis?

Back 270

sacral (S1-S2)

Front 271

what n innerv obturator internus?

Back 271

n to obturator internus

Front 272

what n innerv superior gemellus?

Back 272

n to obturator internus

Front 273

what n innerv inferior gemellus?

Back 273

n to quadratus femoris

Front 274

what n innerv quadratus femoris?

Back 274

n to quadratus femoris

Front 275

what's the action of gluteus maximus?

Back 275

extends and rotates thigh laterally

Front 276

what's the action of gluteus minimus?

Back 276

abducts and rotates thigh medially

Front 277

what's the action of gluteus medius?

Back 277

abducts and rotates thigh medially; stabilizes pelvis

Front 278

what's the action of tensor fasciae latae?

Back 278

flexes, abducts, and rotates thigh medially

Front 279

what's the action of piriformis?

Back 279

rotates thigh laterally

Front 280

what's the action of obturator internus?

Back 280

abducts and rotates thigh laterally

Front 281

what's the action of superior gemellus?

Back 281

rotates thigh laterally

Front 282

what's the action of inferior gemellus?

Back 282

rotates thigh laterally

Front 283

what's the action of quadratus femoris?

Back 283

rotates thigh laterally

Front 284

what n innerv semitendinosus?

Back 284

tibial part of sciatic n

Front 285

what n innerv semimembranosus?

Back 285

tibial part of sciatic n

Front 286

what n innerv biceps femoris?

Back 286

tibial (long head) and common peroneal (short head) : parts of sciatic n

Front 287

what's the action of semitendinosus?

Back 287

extends thigh; flexes and rotates leg medially

Front 288

what's the action of semimembranosus?

Back 288

extends thigh; flexes and rotates leg medially

Front 289

what's the action of biceps femoris?

Back 289

extends thigh; flexes and rotates leg medially

Front 290

what are the n of the gluteal region?

Back 290

superior gluteal n, inferior gluteal n, posterior femoral cutaneous n, sciatic n

Front 291

what are the aa of the gluteal region?

Back 291

superior gluteal a, inferior gluteal a

Front 292

what's piriformis syndrome?

Back 292

condition in which piriformis muscle irritates and places pressure on the sciatic n

Front 293

what's the result of piriformis syndrome?

Back 293

pain in buttocks and referring pain along course of sciatic n: sciatica

Front 294

what causes sciatica?

Back 294

herniation of a lower lumbar intervertebral disk compromising nerve roots

Front 295

how can you treat piriformis syndrome?

Back 295

progressive piriformis stretching.. If this fails, corticosteroid can be injected into the piriformis muscle… still pain? Surgical exploration is your last resort

Front 296

where do you see a positive trendelenburg's sign?

Back 296

fracture of femoral neck, dislocated hip joint (head of femur), weakness and paralysis of the gluteus medius and minimus muscle

Front 297

what's the result of trendelenburg's sign?

Back 297

can't abduct hip… if right gluteus medius and minimus muscles are paralyzed, the unsupported left side (sound side) of pelvis falls (sags) instead of rising.. Which is weird b/c normally pelvis should rise

Front 298

who normally gets a hamstring injury/strain (pulled/torn hamstrings)?

Back 298

ppl who are running, jumping and quick start sports

Front 299

what happens during a hamstring injury?

Back 299

origin of hamstrings from the ischial tuberosity may be avulsed, resulting in blood vessel rupture

Front 300

what causes hamstring injury?

Back 300

avulsion of ischial tuberosity may result from forcible flexion of hip w/ knee extended

Front 301

so when hamstrings are torn, does it hurt?

Back 301

VERY PAINFUL

Front 302

what is an anterior dislocation subluxation of the hip joint?

Back 302

tearing of joint capsule anteriorly w/ mvmnt of femoral head out from acetabulum

Front 303

where is the femoral head in relation to the pubic bone or acetabulum during an anterior dislocation subluxation of the hip joint?

Back 303

lies anteroinferior to the pubic bone or acetabulum

Front 304

what's a posterior dislocation of the hip joint?

Back 304

posterior tearing of the joint capsule

Front 305

what's the result of a posterior dislocation of the hip joint?

Back 305

resting fractured femoral head on posterior surface of ischium, probaby ruptures both posterior acetabular labrum and ligamentum capitis femoris, injury of the sciatic nerve

Front 306

what happens to the affected limb during posterior dislocation of the hip joint?

Back 306

affected limb is shortened, adducted and medially rotated

Front 307

what is medial or intrapelvic dislocation of the hip joint?

Back 307

tearing of joint capsule medially

Front 308

what's the result of medial or intrapelvic dislocation of the hip joint?

Back 308

dislocated femoral head lies medial to pubic bone, possible acetabular fracture and bladder rupture

Front 309

what's the femoral triangle bounded by?

Back 309

superiorly- inguinal ligament laterally- sartorius muscle medially- adductor longus muscle

Front 310

what's the floor of the femoral triangle bounded by?

Back 310

iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus muscles

Front 311

what's the roof of the femoral triangle bounded by?

Back 311

fascia lata and cribiform fascia

Front 312

what strucs are in the femoral triangle?

Back 312

femoral Nerve Artery Vein Lymphatics (lateral to medial)

Front 313

what's the abdominal opening of the femoral canal?

Back 313

femoral ring

Front 314

what's the femoral ring bounded by?

Back 314

anteriorly- inguinal ligament laterally- femoral vein medially- lacunar ligament posteriorly- pectineal ligament

Front 315

where's the femoral canal?

Back 315

medial to femoral vein in the femoral sheath

Front 316

what contents are in the femoral canal?

Back 316

fat, areolar conn tissue, lymph nodes and vessels

Front 317

what's the func of the femoral canal?

Back 317

transmits lymphatics from the lower limb and perineum to the peritoneal cavity

Front 318

what's the clinical significance of the femoral canal?

Back 318

potential weak area site of femoral herniation, which happens more frequently in women b/c of the greater width of the superior pubic ramus of the female pelvis

Front 319

who is a femoral hernia more common in?

Back 319

women

Front 320

where is the femoral hernia located?

Back 320

passes thru femoral ring and canal, lies lateral and inferior to pubic tubercle and deep and inferior to inguinal ligament

Front 321

what is the femoral hernia's sac formed by?

Back 321

parietal peritoneum

Front 322

what's a complication of the femoral hernia that can happen?

Back 322

strangulation of a femoral hernia may happen b/c of sharp, stiff boundaries of femoral ring, and strangulation interferes w/ the blood supply to the herniated intestine --> tissue death

Front 323

what's the femoral sheath formed by?

Back 323

prolongation of the transversalis and iliac fascia in the thigh

Front 324

what does the femoral sheath contain?

Back 324

femoral artery and vein, femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve, and the femoral canal (femoral n lies outside the femoral sheath, lateral to the femoral a

Front 325

how does the femoral sheath rech the level of the proximal end of the saphenous opening?

Back 325

with its distal end

Front 326

where does the adductor canal begin and end?

Back 326

begins- apex of femoral triangle ends- adductor hiatus (hiatus tendineus)

Front 327

where is the adductor canal ?

Back 327

b/w the adductor magnus and longus muscles and the vastus medialis muscle and is covered by the sartorius muscle and fascia

Front 328

what does the adductor canal contain?

Back 328

femoral vessels, saphenous nerve, n to vastus medialis, and descending genicular artery

Front 329

what is the adductor hiatus (hiatus tendineus)?

Back 329

aperture in the tendon of insertion of the adductor magnus

Front 330

what's the significance of the adductor hiatus?

Back 330

allows passage of the femoral vessels into the popliteal fossa

Front 331

what's the saphenous opening?

Back 331

oval gap in the fascia lata below the inguinal ligament that's covered by the cribiform fascia

Front 332

what are other names of the saphenous opening?

Back 332

saphenous hiatus or fossa ovalis

Front 333

what's the cribiform fascia?

Back 333

part of the superficial fascia of the thigh

Front 334

what's the significance of the saphenous opening?

Back 334

pathway for greater saphenous vein

Front 335

what are the anterior muscles of the thigh?

Back 335

iliacus, sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius

Front 336

what n supplies the anterior thigh muscles?

Back 336

femoral n

Front 337

what n supplies the sartorius muscle?

Back 337

femoral n

Front 338

what n supplies the rectus femoris muscle?

Back 338

femoral n

Front 339

what n supplies the vastus medialis?

Back 339

femoral n

Front 340

what n supplies the vastus lateralis?

Back 340

femoral n

Front 341

what n supplies the vastus intermedius?

Back 341

femoral n

Front 342

what's a groin injury/pulled groin?

Back 342

strain, stretching or tearing of the origin of the flexor and adductor of the thigh

Front 343

how does a groin injury often occur?

Back 343

in sports that require quick starts, like the 100-meter dash and football

Front 344

what's the clinical significance of the gracilis?

Back 344

relatively weak member of the adductor grp of muscles and thus surgeons often transplant this muscle or part of it, with nerve and blood vessels, to replace a damaged muscle in the hand

Front 345

what are the proximal muscle attachments of the gracilis?

Back 345

inguinal region or groin

Front 346

what are muscle strains of the adductor longus?

Back 346

may happen in horseback riders and make pain b/c the riders adduct their thighs to keep from falling from animals

Front 347

what's the action of the iliacus muscle?

Back 347

flexes thigh (w/ psoas major)

Front 348

what's the action of the sartorius muscle?

Back 348

flexes and rotates thigh laterally, flexes and rotates leg medially

Front 349

what's the action of the rectus femoris muscle?

Back 349

flexes thigh; extends leg

Front 350

what's the action of the vastus medialis?

Back 350

extends leg

Front 351

what's the action of the vastus lateralis?

Back 351

extends leg

Front 352

what's the action of the vastus intermedius?

Back 352

extends leg

Front 353

what n supplies the adductor longus?

Back 353

obturator

Front 354

what n supplies the adductor brevis?

Back 354

obturator

Front 355

what n supplies the adductor magnus?

Back 355

obturator and sciatic (tibial part)

Front 356

what n supplies the pectineus?

Back 356

obturator and femoral n

Front 357

what n supplies the gracilis?

Back 357

obturator n

Front 358

what n supplies the obturator externus?

Back 358

obturator n

Front 359

what's the action of the adductor longus muscle?

Back 359

adducts and flexes thigh

Front 360

what's the action of the adductor brevis muscle?

Back 360

adducts and flexes thigh

Front 361

what's the action of the adductor magnus muscle?

Back 361

adducts, flexes and extends thigh

Front 362

what's the action of the pectineus muscle?

Back 362

adducts and flexes thigh

Front 363

what's the action of the gracilis muscle?

Back 363

adducts and flexes thigh; flexes and rotates leg medially

Front 364

what's the action of the obturator externus muscle?

Back 364

rotates thigh laterally

Front 365

what's the popliteal fossa bounded by superomedially and superolaterally?

Back 365

superomedially- semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles superolaterally- biceps muscle

Front 366

what's the popliteal fossa bounded by inferolaterally and inferomedially?

Back 366

inferolaterally- lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles
inferomedially - medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle

Front 367

what's the floor of the popliteal fossa made of?

Back 367

femur, oblique popliteal ligament, popliteus muscle

Front 368

what does the popliteal fossa contain?

Back 368

popliteal vessels, common peroneal and tibial nerves and the small saphenous vein

Front 369

what's the pes anserinus?

Back 369

combined tendinous expansions of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles at the medial border of the tuberosity of the tibia

Front 370

what's the clinical significance of the pes anserinus?

Back 370

may be used to surgically repair the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint

Front 371

what are the anterior and lateral muscles of the leg?

Back 371

tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus (fibularis) tertius, peroneus (fibularis) longus, and peroneus (fibularis) brevis

Front 372

what's the lateral part of the anterior and lateral muscles of the leg?

Back 372

peroneus (fibularis) longus and peroneus (fibularis) brevis

Front 373

what does deep peroneal n supply?

Back 373

anterior and lateral leg muscles:
tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
peroneus (fibularis) tertius

Front 375

.

Back 375

.

Front 376

.

Back 376

.

Front 377

what does the superficial peroneal (fibular) n supply?

Back 377

anterior and lateral leg muscles:
peroneus (fibularis) longus
peroneus (fibularis) brevis

Front 379

what's the action of the tibialis anterior?

Back 379

dorsiflexes and inverts foot

Front 380

what's the action of the extensor hallucis longus muscle?

Back 380

extends big toe, dorsiflexes and invertes foot

Front 381

what's the action of the extensor digitorum longus muscle?

Back 381

extends toes, dorsiflexes and everts foot

Front 382

what's the action of the peroneus (fibularis) tertius muscle?

Back 382

dorsiflexes and everts foot

Front 383

what's the action of the peroneus (fibularis) brevis muscle?

Back 383

everts and plantar flexes foot

Front 384

what are the posterior muscles of the leg?

Back 384

gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

Front 385

what muscles make up the superficial grp of the posterior muscles of the leg?

Back 385

gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris

Front 386

what muscles make up the deep grp of the posterior muscles of the leg?

Back 386

popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

Front 387

what n supplies the gastrocnemius muscle?

Back 387

tibial

Front 388

what n supplies the soleus muscle?

Back 388

tibial

Front 389

what n supplies the plantaris muscle?

Back 389

tibial

Front 390

what n supplies the popliteus muscle?

Back 390

tibial

Front 391

what n supplies the flexor hallucis longus muscle?

Back 391

tibial

Front 392

what n supplies the flexor digitorum longus muscle?

Back 392

tibial

Front 393

what n supplies the tibialis posterior muscle?

Back 393

tibial

Front 394

what's the action of the gastrocnemius?

Back 394

flexes knee; plantar flexes foot

Front 395

what's the action of the soleus muscle?

Back 395

plantar flexes foot

Front 396

what's the action of the plantaris muscle?

Back 396

flexes leg; plantar flexes foot

Front 397

what's the action of the popliteus muscle?

Back 397

flexes by unlocking knee and rotates leg medially

Front 398

what's the action of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?

Back 398

plantar flexes foot; flexes distal phalanx of big toe

Front 399

what's the action of the flexor digitorum longus muscle?

Back 399

flexes lateral 4 toes; plantar flexes foot

Front 400

what's the action of the tibialis posterior muscle?

Back 400

plantar flexes and inverts foot

Front 401

what’s anterior tibial compartment syndrome?

Back 401

ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

Front 402

why does anterior tibial compartment syndrome occur?

Back 402

b/c of compression of arteries (anterior tibial a and its branches) by swollen muscles, following excessive exertion

Front 403

what are the symptoms of anterior tibial compartment syndrome?

Back 403

extreme tenderness and pain on the anterolateral part of the leg

Front 404

what is a shin splint?

Back 404

painful condition of the anterior compartment of the leg along the thin bone (tibia)

Front 405

what's shin splint caused by?

Back 405

swollen muscles in the anterior compartment, especially the tibialis anterior muscle, after athletic overexertion

Front 406

what might shin splints be a mild form of?

Back 406

anterior compartment syndrome

Front 407

what's a muscle cramp (charley horse)?

Back 407

sudden, involuntary, painful contraction of muscles of the lower limb

Front 408

what causes a muscle cramp/charley horse?

Back 408

muscle fatigue, overexertion, dehydration, depletion or imbalance of salt and minerals (electrolytes) like calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium

Front 409

what's claudication?

Back 409

type of calf pain

Front 410

what can cause claudication?

Back 410

poor blood supply to leg muscles caused by smoking and atherosclerosis

Front 411

what are the most commonly affected muscles in muscle cramp/charley horse?

Back 411

calf muscle (gastrocnemius), hamstrings and quadriceps

Front 412

what can relieve the muscle cramp/charley horse?

Back 412

goes away w/I a few minutes, or can be treated by a gentle stretch and massage of the cramped muscle, pain relievers and muscle relaxers

Front 413

what's intermittent claudicatin?

Back 413

condition of limping caused by ischemia of the muscles in lower limbs, chiefly the calf muscles

Front 414

who is intermittent claudication seen in?

Back 414

occlusive peripheral arterial diseases, especialy the popliteal artery and its branches

Front 415

what's the main symptom of intermittent claudicaton?

Back 415

leg pain that happens during walking and intensifies until walking is impossible

Front 416

what relieves intermittent claudication?

Back 416

rest

Front 417

what are the nerves of the leg?

Back 417

tibial n, common peroneal (fibular) n, deep peroneal (fibular) n, superficial peroneal (fibular) n, sural and medial and lateral sural n

Front 418

what are the blood vessels of the leg?

Back 418

popliteal a, posterior tibial a, peroneal (fibular) a, genicular anastomosis

Front 419

when does the knee jerk happen?

Back 419

when the patellar ligament is tapped

Front 420

what's the result of a knee jerk?

Back 420

sudden contraction of the quadraceps femoris

Front 421

what does the knee jerk reflex test?

Back 421

L2-L4 femoral nerve by activating muscle spindle in the quadraceps

Front 422

what's the reflex arc of the knee jerk?

Back 422

afferent impulse travel in the femoral n to the spinal cord, efferent impulses are transmited to the quadriceps via motor fibers in the femoral n

Front 423

what's the superior extensor retinaculum?

Back 423

broad band of deep fascia extending b/w the tibia and the fibula, above the ankle

Front 424

what's the inferior extensor retinaculum?

Back 424

Y-shaped band of deep fascia that froms loop for tendons of extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius and then divides into an upper band and a lower band

Front 425

what's the flexor retinaculum?

Back 425

deep fascia band that passes b/w medial malleolus and medial surface of calcaneus

Front 426

what does the flexor retinaculum form?

Back 426

tarsal tunnel w/ tarsal bones for tibial n, posterior tibial vessels and flexor tendons

Front 427

what does the flexor retinaculum hold?

Back 427

3 tendons, blood vessels and a nerve in place deep to it

Front 428

what mnemonic does this help for: Tom Drives A Very Nervous Horse:

Back 428

flexor retinaculum: Tibialis posterior, flexor Digitorum longus, posterior tibial Artery and Vein, tibial Nerve, and flexor Hallucis longus

Front 429

what's tarsal tunnel syndrome?

Back 429

complex symptom resulting from compression of the tibial n or its medial and lateral plantar branches in the tarsal tunnel

Front 430

what are the symptoms of tarsal tunnel syndrome?

Back 430

pain, numbness, tingling sensations on the ankle, heel and sole of the foot

Front 431

what can cause tarsal tunnel syndrome?

Back 431

repetitive stress with activities, flat feet, or excess weight

Front 432

what's the tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon)?

Back 432

tendon of insertion of the triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) into the tuberosity of the calcaneus

Front 433

what does an avulsion/rupture of Achilles tendon cause?

Back 433

disables triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) muscles

Front 434

what's the symptom of avulsion/rupture of the Achilles tendon?

Back 434

patient can't plantar flex the foot

Front 435

what does forced eversion of the foot cause?

Back 435

avulses the medial malleolus or ruptures the deltoid ligament

Front 436

what does forced inversion cause?

Back 436

avulses the lateral malleolus or tears the lateral collateral (anterior and posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular) ligament

Front 437

what causes ankle sprain (inversion injury)?

Back 437

results from rupture of calcaneofibular and talofibular ligaments and a fracture of the lateral malleolus caused by forced inversion of the foot

Front 438

what's plantar aponeurosis?

Back 438

thick fascia investing plantar muscles

Front 439

what is plantar aponeurosis' path?

Back 439

radiates from the calcaneal tuberosity toward the toes

Front 440

what does plantar aponeurosis provide attachment for?

Back 440

provides att to the short flexor muscles of the toes

Front 441

what are the muscles of the foot on the dorsum?

Back 441

extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis

Front 442

what are the muscles on the 1st layer of the sole of the foot?

Back 442

abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi

Front 443

what are the muscles on the 2nd layer of the sole of the foot?

Back 443

quadratus plantae, lumbricals

Front 444

what are the muscles on the 3rd layer of the sole of the foot?

Back 444

flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, oblique head, transverse head, flexor digiti minimi brevis

Front 445

what are the muscles on the 4th layer of the sole of the foot?

Back 445

plantar interossei (3), dorsal interossei (4)

Front 446

what nn innervate the muscles of the foot?

Back 446

deep peroneal, medial plantar, lateral plantar

Front 447

what n innervates the extensor digitorum brevis?

Back 447

deep peroneal

Front 448

what n innervates the extensor hallucis brevis muscle?

Back 448

deep peroneal

Front 449

what n innervates the abductor hallucis muscle?

Back 449

medial plantar

Front 450

what n innervates the flexor digitorum brevis muscle?

Back 450

medial plantar

Front 451

what n innervates the abductor digiti minimi muscle?

Back 451

lateral plantar

Front 452

what n innervates the quadratus plantae muscle?

Back 452

lateral plantar

Front 453

what n innervates the lumbricals muscle?

Back 453

1st- medial plantar, lateral 3- lateral plantar

Front 454

what n innervates the flexor hallucis brevis muscle?

Back 454

medial plantar

Front 455

what n innervates the adductor hallucis oblique head muscle?

Back 455

lateral plantar

Front 456

what n innervates the adductor hallucis transverse head muscle?

Back 456

lateral plantar

Front 457

what n innervates the flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle?

Back 457

lateral plantar

Front 458

what n innervates the plantar interossei muscle?

Back 458

lateral plantar

Front 459

what n innervates the dorsal interossei muscle?

Back 459

lateral plantar

Front 460

what muscle extends toes?

Back 460

extensor digitorum brevis

Front 461

what muscle extends the big toe?

Back 461

extensor hallucis brevis

Front 462

what muscle abducts the big toe?

Back 462

abductor hallucis

Front 463

what muscle flexes middle phalanges of lateral four toes?

Back 463

flexor digitorum brevis

Front 464

what muscle abducts little toe?

Back 464

abductor digiti minimi

Front 465

what muscle aids in flexing toes?

Back 465

quadratus plantaej

Front 466

what muscle flexes metatarsophalangeal joints and extends interphalangeal joints?

Back 466

lumbricals (4)

Front 467

what muscle flexes the big toe?

Back 467

flexor hallucis brevis

Front 468

what muscle adducts the big toe?

Back 468

adductor hallucis

Front 469

what muscle flexes the little toe?

Back 469

flexor digiti minimi brevis

Front 470

what muscle adducts toes, flexes proximal and extends distal phalanges

Back 470

plantar interossei (3)

Front 471

what muscle abducts toes, flexes proximal and extends distal phalanges?

Back 471

dorsal interossei (4)

Front 472

what are the arches of the foot?

Back 472

medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, proximal transverse, distal transverse

Front 473

what is the purpose of the arches of the foot?

Back 473

supports the body in the erect position and acts as a spring in locomotion

Front 474

what arch is formed and maintained by the interlocking talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuneiform and 3 medial metatarsal bones?

Back 474

medial longitudinal arch

Front 475

what's the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?

Back 475

head of talus

Front 476

where is the head of the talus?

Back 476

at the summit b/w the sustentaculum tali and the navicular bone

Front 477

what supports the medial longitudinal arch?

Back 477

spring ligament and flexor hallucis longus tendon

Front 478

what is flat foot also called?

Back 478

pes planus or talipes planus

Front 479

what is flat foot?

Back 479

condition of disappearance or collapse of the medial longitudinal arch w/ eversion an dabduction of the forefoot

Front 480

what does flat foot cause?

Back 480

greater wear on the inner border of the soles and heels of shoes than on the outer border

Front 481

what is the result of flat foot?

Back 481

pain from stretching the plantar muscles and straining the spring ligament and the long and short plantar ligaments

Front 482

what's pes cavus?

Back 482

exaggerated height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot

Front 483

what arch is formed and maintained by the calcaneus, cuboid bone and lateral 2 metatarsal bones?

Back 483

lateral longitudinal arch

Front 484

what's the keystone of the lateral longitudinal arch?

Back 484

cuboid bone

Front 485

what suppports the lateral longitudinal arch?

Back 485

peroneus longus tendon and long and short plantar ligaments

Front 486

what's the func of the lateral longitudinal arch?

Back 486

supports the body in the erect position and acts as a spring in locomotion

Front 487

what arch is formed and maintained by the navicular bone, 3 cuneiform bones, cuboid bone, and the bases of the 5 metatarsal bones of the foot?

Back 487

transverse arch: proximal (metatarsal)

Front 488

what supports the transverse arch: proximal (metatarsal)?

Back 488

peroneus longus tendon

Front 489

what arch is formed by the heads of the 5 metatarsal bones?

Back 489

transverse arch: distal

Front 490

what is the transverse arch: distal maintained by?

Back 490

transverse head of the adductor hallucis

Front 491

what does the long plantar (plantar calcaneocuboid) ligament form?

Back 491

canal for tendon of the peroneus longus

Front 492

what is the func of the long plantar (plantar calcaneocuboid) ligament ?

Back 492

supports the lateral side of the longitudinal arch of the foot

Front 493

what is the func of the short plantar (plantar calcaneocuboid) ligament?

Back 493

supports lateral longitudinal arch

Front 494

what's the func of the spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) ligament?

Back 494

supports talus head and the medial longitudinal arch

Front 495

why is it called the spring ligament?

Back 495

b/c it has lots of elastic fibers to give elasticity to the arch and spring to the foot

Front 496

what supports the spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) ligament?

Back 496

tibialis posterior tendon

Front 497

what's another name for clubfoot?

Back 497

talipes equinovarus

Front 498

what's clubfoot?

Back 498

congenital foot deformity: foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted

Front 499

what are all of the forms of clubfoot?

Back 499

1) foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted 2) foot is plantarflexed (equinus) or dorsiflexed (calcaneus) and heel is turned laterally (valgus) or medally (varus) 3) heel is elevated and turned laterally (equinovalgus) or medially (equinovarus) 4) anterior part of foot (forefoot) is elevated and the heel is turned laterally (calcaneovalgus) or medially (calcaneovarus)

Front 500

what are the ligaments of the ankle joint?

Back 500

medial (deltoid) ligament, lateral ligament

Front 501

what plexus does the obturator nerve come from?

Back 501

lumbar plexus

Front 502

what n levels does the obturator n come from?

Back 502

L2, L3, L4

Front 503

how does the obturator n enter the thigh?

Back 503

obturator foramen

Front 504

what does the anterior branch of the obturator n innerv?

Back 504

adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis, and pectineus muscles

Front 505

what's the result of a damaged obturator n?

Back 505

weakness of adduction and lateral swinging of limb during walking b/c of unopposed abductors

Front 506

what plexus does the femoral n come from?

Back 506

lumbar plexus

Front 507

what are the branches of the femoral n?

Back 507

muscular branches, articular branches, cutaneous branches (including anterior femoral cutaneous n and saphenous n)

Front 508

what's the result of a damaged femoral n?

Back 508

impaired hip flexion and impaired leg extension resulting from quadriceps femoris paralysis

Front 509

what plexus does the superior gluteal n come from?

Back 509

sacral

Front 510

what n levels does the superior gluteal n come from?

Back 510

L4, L5, S1

Front 511

what does the superior gluteal n innerv?

Back 511

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae, hip joint

Front 512

what's the result of an injured superior gluteal n?

Back 512

motor loss, resulting in a weakened abduction of the thigh by the gluteus medius, a disabling gluteus medius limb and gluteal gait.

Front 513

what plexus does the inferior gluteal n come from?

Back 513

sacral

Front 514

what n levels does the inferior gluteal n come from?

Back 514

L5, S1, S2

Front 515

what does the inferior gluteal n innerv?

Back 515

gluteus maximus

Front 516

what plexus does the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve come from?

Back 516

sacral

Front 517

what n levels does the posterior femoral cutaneous n come from?

Back 517

S1, S2, S3

Front 518

what does the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve innervate?

Back 518

skin of buttock, thigh and calf and scrotum or labium majus

Front 519

what plexus does the sciatic n come from?

Back 519

sacral

Front 520

what are the n levels of the sciatic n?

Back 520

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3

Front 521

what's the largest n in the body?

Back 521

sciatic n

Front 522

what nn does the sciatic n divide into?

Back 522

divides at popliteal fossa into the tibial n and common peroneal n

Front 523

what does the sciatic n innerv?

Back 523

hamstring muscles w/ tibial , except for short head of biceps femoris, which innerv the common peroneal division

Front 524

what's the result of a damaged sciatic n?

Back 524

impaired extension at the hip and impared flexion at the knee, loss of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion at the ankle, inversion and eversion of the foot, and peculiar gait b/c of increased flexion at the hip to lift the drooped foot off the ground

Front 525

what are the n levels of the common peroneal (fibular) nerve?

Back 525

L4, L5, S1, S2

Front 526

where is the common peroneal (fibular) n vulnerable to injury?

Back 526

as it winds around the neck of the fibula

Front 527

what n does the common peroneal n divide into?

Back 527

deep peroneal and superficial peroneal.. Also gives rise to the lateral sural cutaneous n

Front 528

what does the lateral sural cutaneous n innervate?

Back 528

skin on lateral part of back of leg and recurrent articular branch to the knee joint

Front 529

what's phantom limb pain?

Back 529

intermittent or continuous pain perceived as originating in an absent (amputated) limb

Front 530

how can you get a damaged common peroneal (fibular) n?

Back 530

result of fracture of head or neck of the fibula b/c it passes behind the head of the fibula and then winds laterally around the neck of the fibula

Front 531

what's the result of a damaged common peroneal (fibular) n?

Back 531

foot drop (loss of dorsiflexion), loss of sesation on the dorsum of the foot and lateral aspect of the leg and causes paralysis of all muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg (dorsiflexor and evertor muscles of the foot)

Front 532

is the superficial peroneal (fibular) n more or less vulnerable to injury than the common peroneal (fibular) n? why?

Back 532

superficial is less b/c on the lateral side of the neck of the fibula

Front 533

what does the superficial peroneal n innervate?

Back 533

peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, skin on the lateral side of the lower leg and dorsum of the foot

Front 534

what happens if the superficial peroneal (fibular) n is damaged?

Back 534

no foot drop, but causes loss of eversion of foot

Front 535

what happens if the deep peroneal (fibular) n is damaged?

Back 535

foot drop (loss of dorsiflexion) and high stepping gait

Front 536

is the deep peroneal (fibular) n more or less vulnerable to injury than the common peroneal (fibular) n? why?

Back 536

deep less b/c on the lateral side of the neck of the fibula

Front 537

what does the deep peroneal n descend on?

Back 537

interosseus membrane

Front 538

what does the deep peroneal n innerv?

Back 538

anterior muscles of leg and foot and skin of the contiguous sides of the first and second toes and extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis

Front 539

what does the medial branch of the deep peroneal n accompany?

Back 539

dorsalis pedis a

Front 540

what are the branches of the deep peroneal n and what do they innerv?

Back 540

lateral- extensor hallucis brevis, extensor digitorum brevis medial- skin on adj sides of the 1st and 2nd toes

Front 541

what n levels are the tibial n?

Back 541

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3

Front 542

what fossa does the tibial n go thru?

Back 542

popliteal

Front 543

what branches does the tibial n give rise to?

Back 543

3 articular branches, muscular branches, medial sural cutaneous n, medial calcaneal branch to the skin of the heel and sole, articular branches to the ankle joint, medial and lateral plantar nerves

Front 544

what arteries does the tibial n accompany?

Back 544

3 articular branches accompany medial superior genicular, middle genicular, and medial inferior genicular arteries to the knee joint

Front 545

how does the tibial n end and where?

Back 545

ends beneathe the flexor retinaculum by dividing into medial and lateral plantar nn

Front 546

what's the result of a damaged tibial n?

Back 546

loss of plantar flexion of foot and impaired inversion from tibialis posterior paralysis, causes difficulty in getting heel off ground and shuffling gait, clawing of toes and secondary loss on the sole of the foot, affecting posture and locomotion

Front 547

what does the medial plantar n innerv?

Back 547

abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis common digital branches --> proper digital branches that innerv flexor hallucis brevis and 1st lumbrical and skin of medial 3 and 1/2 toes

Front 548

what's the smaller of the terminal branches of the tibial n?

Back 548

lateral plantar

Front 549

what does the lateral plantar n innerv?

Back 549

quadratus plantae, abductor digiti minimi superficial branch: innerv flexor digiti minimi deep branch: innerv plantar and dorsal interossei, lateral 3 lumbricals and adductor hallucis

Front 550

where does the superior gluteal a coe from?

Back 550

internal iliac a

Front 551

what does the superior gluteal a supply?

Back 551

superficial: gluteus maximus deep: gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia latae

Front 552

what a does the inferior gluteal a come from?

Back 552

internal iliac a

Front 553

how does the inferior gluteal a enter the buttock?

Back 553

greater sciatic foramen

Front 554

how does the superior gluteal a enter the buttock?

Back 554

greater sciatic foramen

Front 555

what n does the inferior gluteal a run w/?

Back 555

posterior femoral cutaneous n

Front 556

what does the inferior gluteal a supply?

Back 556

gluteus maximus
lateral rotators of hips
hamstrings (upper part)
hip joint

Front 557

what does the superior gluteal a anastomose w/?

Back 557

lateral and medial circumflex a
inferior gluteal aa

Front 558

what does the inferior gluteal a anastomose w/?

Back 558

cruciate anastomosis: anastomoses w/ superior gluteal, internal pudendal and obturator a

Front 559

what does the obturator a come from?

Back 559

internal iliac a in the pelvis

Front 560

what hole does it pass thru?

Back 560

obturator foramen

Front 561

what are the branches of the obturator?

Back 561

anterior --> muscular branches
posterior --> acetabular branch

Front 562

how does the obturator a enter the hip joint?

Back 562

via the acetabular branch that goes thru the acetabular notch, ramifies in the acetabular fossa and sends an artery to the head of the femur

Front 563

what's the significance of the artery to the head of the femur?

Back 563

important source of blood to the femoral head in kids
may/may not persist in adults
may be insufficient to sustain viability of femoral head --> ischemic necrosis

Front 564

what's the corona mortis?

Back 564

vascular anastomoses b/w the obturator and external iliac systems

Front 565

give specific ex. of corona mortis:

Back 565

vascular anastomosis b/w pubic branches of the obturator a and of external iliac (inferior epigastric) a is called corona mortis b/c these vessels in retropubic area are hard to be distinguished and can be injured in groin or pubic surgery

Front 566

what happens if corona mortis is injured?

Back 566

massive, uncontrolled bleeding

Front 567

how can surgeons prevent a bleeding corona mortis?

Back 567

since venous conn is more probable than an arterial one, if dealing w/ inguinal and femoral hernias, surgeons should avoid venous bleeding and need to be aware of these anastomoses and their close proximity to the femoral ring

Front 568

what's the clinical significance of an aberrant obturator a?

Back 568

it may arise from the external iliac or inferior epigastric a and is vulnerable during surgical repair of a femoral hernia

Front 569

where does the femoral a come from?

Back 569

external iliac a

Front 570

how can you find femoral a?

Back 570

palpable pulsation that can be felt inferior to midpoint of the inguinal ligament

Front 571

why is the femoral a vulnerable to injury?

Back 571

it's relatively superficial in the femoral triangle

Front 572

what are the branches of the femoral a?

Back 572

superficial epigastric a
superficial circumflex iliac a
superficial external pudendal a
deep external pudendal a
profunda femoris (deep femoral) a
medial femoral circumflex a
lateral femoral circumflex a
descending genicular a

Front 573

what a emerges from saphenous ring?

Back 573

superficial external pudendal a

Front 574

what a runs toward umbilicus?

Back 574

superficial epigastric a

Front 575

which a runs laterally almost parallel w/ inguinal ligament?

Back 575

superficial circumflex iliac a

Front 576

which a runs medially over the spermatic cord / round ligament of the uterus and sends inguinal branches and anterior scrotal (or labial) branches?

Back 576

superficial external pudendal a

Front 577

what a is distributed to the skin of the perineum, scrotum or labium majus?

Back 577

deep external pudendal a

Front 578

what a gives rise to the medial and lateral femoral circumflex and muscular branches?

Back 578

profunda femoris (deep femoral) a

Front 579

what does the profunda femoria (deep femoral) a supply?

Back 579

in adductor canal, four perforating arteries that supply adductor magnus and hamstring muscles
1st perforating a sends an ascending branch, which joins the cruciate anastomosis of the buttock

Front 580

what does the medial femoral circumflex a arise from?

Back 580

femoral artery
profunda femoris a

Front 581

what branches does the medial femoral circumflex a give rise to?

Back 581

muscular branches and acetabular branch to the hip joint.. divides into ascending brach, which anastomoses w/ superior and inferior gluteal a branches and a transverse branch which joins cruciate anastomosis

Front 582

what's the clinical sig of the medial femoral circumflex a?

Back 582

its branches run thru the neck to reach the head and it supplies most of the blood to the neck and head of the femur except for a small proximal part that gets blood from a branch of the obturator a

Front 583

what's the cruciate anastomosis of the buttock formed by?

Back 583

ascending branch of the 1st perforating a, inferior gluteal a, and transverse branches of the medial and lateral femoral circumflex aa

Front 584

what can the cruciate anastomosis bypass?

Back 584

obstruction of the external iliac or femoral a

Front 585

what does the lateral femoral circumflex a arise from?

Back 585

femoral or profunda femoris a

Front 586

what branches does the lateral femoral circumflex a divide into?

Back 586

ascending branch
transverse branch
descending branch

Front 587

what does the ascending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex a do?

Back 587

forms vascular circle w/ branches of the medial femoral circumflex a around the femoral neck and also anastomoses w/ the superior gluteal a

Front 588

what does the transverse branch of the lateral femoral circumflex a do?

Back 588

joins cruciate anastomosis

Front 589

what does the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex a do?

Back 589

anastomoses w/ the superior lateral genicular branch of the popliteal a

Front 590

what a does the descending genicular a arise from?

Back 590

femoral a in the adductor canal before passing thru the aductor hiatus

Front 591

what does the descending genicular artery divide ino?

Back 591

articular branch- enters anastomosis around knee
saphenous branch- supplies superficial tissue and skin on medial side of knee

Front 592

what's the position of the femoral a?

Back 592

easily exposed and cannulated at the base of the femoral triangle just inferior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

Front 593

what's the clinical significance of the femoral a?

Back 593

it's location makes it vulnerable to injury by laceration and gunshot wounds

Front 594

what's the result of a ligated femoral a?

Back 594

cruciate anastomosis supplies blood to the thigh and leg

Front 595

what a does the popliteal a come from?

Back 595

femoral a at the adductor hiatus and runs through the popliteal fossa

Front 596

where can you feel the popliteal a?

Back 596

popliteal fossa

Front 597

how can the popliteal a be injured?

Back 597

femur fracture
dislocation of knee joint

Front 598

how does the popliteal a terminate?

Back 598

divides into anterior/posterior tibial aa

Front 599

what are the aa that the popliteal a gives rise to?

Back 599

5 genicular aa:
superior lateral genicular a
superior medial genicular a
inferior lateral genicular a
inferior medial genicular a
middle genicular a

Front 600

what's the result of a popliteal aneurysm?

Back 600

edema and pain in the popliteal fossa

Front 601

how can a popliteal aneurysm arise?

Back 601

if femoral a must be ligated, blood can bypass occlusion thru genicular anastomoses and reach popliteal a distal to ligation

Front 602

what a does the posterior tibial a come from?

Back 602

popliteal a

Front 603

what accompanies posterior tibial a?

Back 603

2 venae comitantes and tibial n on post surface of the tibialis posterior muscle

Front 604

what aa does the posterior tibial a give rise to?

Back 604

peroneal (fibular) a
posterior lateral malleolar branch
posterior medial malleolar, perforating, and muscular branches
terminates: medial and lateral plantar aa

Front 605

what does the peroneal (fibular) a give rise to?

Back 605

lateral muscles in the posterior compartment

Front 606

what does the medial plantar a supply?

Back 606

superficial: big toe
deep branch: 3 superficial digital branches

Front 607

what's the diff b/w medial and plantar a in size?

Back 607

medial = smaller

Front 608

what does the lateral plantar a run w/?

Back 608

lateral plantar n

Front 609

what does the lateral plantar a form?

Back 609

plantar arch by joining deep plantar branch of dorsalis pedis a

Front 610

what does the plantar arch give rise to?

Back 610

4 plantar metatarsal aa

Front 611

what does the anterior tibial a come from?

Back 611

popliteal a

Front 612

how does the anterior tibial a enter the anterior compartment?

Back 612

by passing thru gap b/w tibia and fibula at upper end of interosseus membrane

Front 613

what does anterior tibial a descend w/?

Back 613

deep peroneal vessels

Front 614

what a does the anterior tibial a give rise to?

Back 614

anterior tibial recurrent a
anterior medial malleolar aa
anterior lateral malleolar aa

Front 615

what gives rise to the dorsalis pedia a?

Back 615

anterior tibial a

Front 616

what aa does the dorsalis pedia a give rise to?

Back 616

medial tarsal, lateral tarsal, arcuate and 1st dorsal metatarsal aa

Front 617

what does the arcuate a give rise to?

Back 617

2nd, 3rd, 4th dorsal metatarsal aa

Front 618

how does the dorsalis pedia a terminate?

Back 618

as the deep plantar a

Front 619

what forms the plantar arch?

Back 619

joining of deep plantar a and lateral plantar a

Front 620

where can you feel the pulse in the dorsalis pedis a?

Back 620

pulsation on the navicular and cuneiform bones lateral to the tendon of flexor hallucis longus

Front 621

what are the deep veins of the leg?

Back 621

venae comitantes to the anterior and posterior tibial aa

Front 622

what v does the popliteal v receive?

Back 622

small saphenous vein and vv corresponding to popliteal a branches

Front 623

what does the popliteal v accompany?

Back 623

popliteal a

Front 624

what does the femoral v accompany?

Back 624

femoral a as continuation of popliteal v

Front 625

what v does the femoral v receive?

Back 625

great saphenous v and tributaries from branches of femoral a

Front 626

where's the femoral v?

Back 626

lies immediately medial to femoral a, which can be identified by pulsation

Front 627

what happens when the femoral v is cannulated?

Back 627

permits administration of fluids or catheters, which are passed superiorly thru external and common iliac vv into the inferior vena cava and then right atrium of the heart

Front 628

what are the mvmnts of the hip joint?

Back 628

flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
medial rotation
lateral rotation

Front 629

what are the mvmnts of the knee joint?

Back 629

flexion
extension
medial rotation
lateral rotation

Front 630

what are the mvmnts of the ankle joint?

Back 630

dorsiflexion
plantar flexion

Front 631

what are the mvmnts of the intertarsal joint (talocalcaneal, transverse tarsal joint) ?

Back 631

inversion
eversion

Front 632

what are the mvmnts of the metatarsophalangeal joint (ellipsoid joint)?

Back 632

flexion
extension

Front 633

what are the mvmnts of the interphalangeal joint (hinge joint)?

Back 633

flexion
extension

Front 634

what innerv muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Back 634

femoral n

Front 635

what innerv muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

Back 635

obturator n
exceptions:
adductor magnus- obturator and tibial nn
pectineus- femoral and obturator nn

Front 636

what innerv muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Back 636

tibial part of sciatic n

Front 637

what innerv muscles of the lateral compartment of the thigh?

Back 637

inferior gluteal n
superior gluteal n
n to piriformis
n to obturator internus
n to quadratus femoris

Front 638

what innev the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

Back 638

deep peroneal n

Front 639

what innerv the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

Back 639

superficial peroneal n

Front 640

what innerv muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

Back 640

tibial n
exceptions:
short head of biceps femoris: common peroneal part of sciatic n
adductor magnus- tibial part of sciatic n and obturator n

Front 641

what muscles are involved in dorsiflexion?

Back 641

anterior tibialis
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
peroneus tertius

Front 642

what muscles are involved in plantar flexion?

Back 642

triceps surae
plantaris
posterior tibialis
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus

Front 643

what muscles are involved in inversion of the foot?

Back 643

tibialis posterior
tibialis anterior
triceps surae
extensor hallucis longus

Front 644

what muscles are involved in eversion of the foot?

Back 644

peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
peroneus tertius
extensor digitorum longus