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259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Clinical relevance of L4
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Spinal Tap
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Vertebral level of ILIAC CREST - or
SUPRACRISTAL PLANE |
L4
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Superficial landmark for posterior iliac spines
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SACRAL DIMPLE
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Clinical significance for sacral dimple
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bone marrow sites - posterior iliac spines
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ARCUATE LINE divides
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Pelvis from abdomen
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Superficial landmark of ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY
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Sit bones!
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Ischial tuberosity attachments (group)
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hamstrings
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Ischial tuberosity as landmark for ____ nerve
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sciatic nerve
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Ischial spine - nerves associated with
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pudendal nerves
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Angle of pubic arch/angle-
formed by? in men: in women |
Formed by meeting of INFERIOR PUBIC RAMI
In women, angle of pubic arch > 90* In men, angle of pubic arch, < 90* |
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3 bones contributing to acetabulum
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ilium (2/5)
ischium (2/5) pubis (1/5) |
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Femur predicts _____ in children
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adult height
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Mechanical purpose of femur
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transmits weight of body on to tibia
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Intertrochantery LINE is on the ______ side of the femur
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ANTERIOR
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Intertrochantery CREST is on the _____ side of the femur
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POSTERIOR
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Profunda femoris
location branches |
medial to femur
branches: medial and lateral femoral circumflex - surround intertrochantery line and crest |
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Main arterial supply to head of femur in ADULTS
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branches off medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries
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RETINACULAR branches of _____ run up ______ against _____
disrupted by _____ to femoral head/neck |
RETINACULAR branches of FEMORAL PROFUNDA'S CIRCUMFLEX BRANCHES run up SYNOVIUM against BONE
Disrupted by FRACTURES to femoral head/neck |
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Intertrochanter fractures heal _____ because _____
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Intertrochanter fractures heal RAPIDLY (less than 24 hours) because of the RICH BLOOD SUPPLY
MUST ALIGN QUICKLY! |
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What do all the ABductors attach to on the femur?
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GREATER TROCHANTER
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Besides ABductors, what other muscle group attaches to the ______ _____
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EXTERNAL ROTATORS, along with ABductors, attach to the GREATER TROCHANTER
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____ trochanter and ____ tuberosity are landmarks to find the SCIATIC NERVE
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GREATER trochanter and ISCHIAL tuberosity are landmarks to find the SCIATIC NERVE
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Iliopsoas muscle attaches to
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LESSER TROCHANTER
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Iliopsoas muscle action
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HIP FLEXION
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What attaches to LINEA ASPERA?
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ADductor magnus
ADductor longus ADductor brevis Biceps femoris Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis |
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Attachment of gluteal tuberosity?
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GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
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How do you tell the medial and lateral condyles apart?
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LATERAL - has larger ANTERIOR protuberance
MEDIAL - has larger MEDIAL protuberance |
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Which foreleg bone is more medial?
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TIBIA
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ADductor tubercle
location attachment |
ADductor magnus
most proximal big bump palpable medial on knee proximal to medial epicondyle |
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What parts of patella articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur?
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LATERAL and MEDIAL FACETS
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Patellafemoral Syndrome
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patella pulled laterally by muscle
condyles and facets don't align - medial facet rides over lateral condyle --> pain seen more in women b/c greater angulation in that muscle |
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Patella can look fractured on x-ray because...
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patella can be bipartite or even tripartite!
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Major weight bearing bone?
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TIBIA
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What kind of tibial fractures are common?
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Fractures of the tibial plateau
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Attachment of tibial tuberosity
common injury and adolescenct clinical correlate |
attachment of patellar ligament (stronger than developing bone in adolescents - makes avulsed femur more common than torn ligament --> red, bumpy knees - Osgood-Slotter Ds)
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Tibial (shaft) fracture endangers ______, making the heal time last 6 months or more
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tibial artery, which has few collateral branches
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How much of the body weight is carried by FIBULA?
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1/6
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Is the FIBULA part of the knee joint?
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NO
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LATERAL malleolus is on what bone?
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FIBULA
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MEDIAL malleolus is on what bone?
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TIBIA
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keystone bone
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TALUS
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talus articulates with foreleg in which 3 places?
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MEDIALLY - with medial malleolus of tibia
SUPERIORLY - with tibia LATERALLY - with lateral malleolus of fibula |
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function of trochlea of talus
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articulates with tibia and fibula
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ankle sprains usually happen when foot is in ______-flexion
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PLANTARflexion is the position of ankle sprains!
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PLANTAR APONEUROSIS
attaches to can form |
attaches to calcaneous
can form "heel spurs" |
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What bones does navicular articulate with?
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talus
cuneiforms (3) cuboid |
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1st cuneiform is the most ____
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medial
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first metatarsal is the _____ metatarsal
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big toe metatarsal - 1st
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metatarsalgia
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inflammation of 2 sesmoid bones on 1st metatarsal
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clinical significance of tuberosity on 5th metatarsal
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can be avulsed in lateral ankle sprain
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"rays" of foot are the...
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metatarsal through distal phalanx
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What does ILIOfemoral ligament prevent?
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hyperextension of hip in normal standing
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PUBOfemoral ligament limits____?
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hip FLEXION
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hip pain can be caused by tightness of _____ ligament, which is twisted, normally. If you EXTERNALLY rotate the femur, the ligament ____ and the hip joint _____
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Hip pain can be caused by tightness of the ILIOFEMORAL ligament, which is twisted normally. If you EXTERNALLY rotate the femur, the ligament UNTWISTS and the hip joint LOOSENS
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What ligament in the hip joint as a blood vessel in it?
What is the pediatric significance of this blood vessel? |
LIGAMENTUM TERES has the OBDURATOR ARTERY in it.
In CHILDREN, this is the main arterial supply to femoral head |
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Acetabular notch is _____ and is closed by the _____ ligament
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Acetabular notch is a deficiency in the INFERIOR portion of the acetabular LABRUM and is closed by the TRANSVERSE ACETABULAR LIGAMENT
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Hip dysplasia
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congenital dislocation of hip joint
must check at 4-7 days postpartum! b/c of insufficient acetabular development in utero |
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What artery supplies femoral head in children?
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OBDURATOR ARTERY
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Roots of obdurator, sciatic, and gluteal nerves
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ventral L3 and L4
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In what side of the body is sciatic nerve most vulnerable
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POSTERIORLY
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Whenever you have joint pain, "Always look at..."
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Whenever you have joint pain, "ALWAYS LOOK AT THE JOINT ABOVE AND THE JOINT BELOW!"
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3 bones of knee
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femur, tibia, patella
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synovium of knee joint extends superiorly as...
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SUPRAPATELLAR BURSA - part of the joint capsule!
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collateral ligaments and menisci
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LOOK UP AND MAKE FLASHCARDS! - note what's attached to bone and what isn't!
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Medial ____ and medial _____
_____ (verb) each other and are therefore often ____ together |
Medial meniscus and medial collateral ligament RESTRAIN each other and are often INJURED together because they are FIRMLY ATTACHED
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What two ligaments stabilize posterior knee joint synovial capsule?
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oblique and arcuate popliteal ligaments
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what causes knee hyperextension (as pathology)
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weak quadriceps
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Extrinsic (accessory) knee ligaments
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Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
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ACL
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anterior cruciate ligament
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Unholy triad of knee
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ACL, MCL and medial meniscus
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Function of ACL
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prevents hyperextension of knee
excessive internal rotation anterior glide of tibia relative to femur |
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Varas
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Distal segment deviates MEDIALLY with respect to the proximal segment
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Valgus
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Distal segment deviates LATERALLY with respect to the proximal segment
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Function of PCL
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prevents posterior slide of tibia relative to femur
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What muscle group may substitute for PCL?
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Quadriceps
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Which meniscus in knee is thicker?
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MEDIAL
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Function of menisci in knee
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don't move relative to tibia, but femur move relative to menisci
allow tibia to rotate, as they have to for every step |
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Menisci are _____, except at edges
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AVASCULAR
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Posterior part of knee is the _____ part
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POPLITEAL
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genicular anastamosis
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supplies blood to knee joint
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what type of joint is the DISTAL tibiofibular joint?
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FIBROUS
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High ankle sprain caused by tear of what ligament?
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anterior tibiofibular ligament (distal joint)
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3 intrinsic ligaments of distal tibiofibular joint
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anterior
posterior inferior transverse |
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function of deltoid ligament
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prevent eversion of foot
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Does talocrural joint allow eversion/inversion?
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NO!
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Where does eversion/inversion of the foot occur?
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Subtalar joint
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What is likely to fracture concurrently with tearing of deltoid ligament upon forceful eversion?
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Medial malleolus
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What lateral intrinsic ligament of the ankle joint is most commonly torn?
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Anterior tibiofibular
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What bony injury is likely to occur concurrent with tearing of anterior tibiofibular ligament?
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Avulsion of PERONEUS BREVIS from tubercle of 5th metatarsal
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What motions allowed at talocrural joint?
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dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
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Anatomical subtalar joint refers ONLY to
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POSTERIOR articulation of talus with calcaneous
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talocalcancanealnavicular joint
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three articulations in one synovial sheath
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Calcacaneonavicular ligament, aka: ____
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Spring ligament
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functions of spring ligament
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supports talus and prevents flat foot
major support of arch - calcaneous to navicular |
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Superficial plantar muscles
innervation |
ABductor digiti minimi
flexor digitorum BREVIS ABductor hallicus tibial n --> lateral (FDM) and medial plantar nn.(FD, AH) |
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Function of Quadratus plantae
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realigns angle caused by medial placement of FDL upon flexion of toes
no analogue in hand |
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Which side of toes do lumbricals attach
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MEDIAL
(not lateral like in hand!) |
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Deep mm layer - plantar
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Flexor hallicus brevis
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GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
innervation |
inferior gluteal nerve
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3 muscles innervated by preplexus nerves
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piriformis (S1, S2)
psoas major (L2-L4 +/- 1) quadratus lumborum (T12-L4) |
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How are nerves located relative to psoas major?
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Femoral = LATERAL to psoas
Obdurator = MEDIAL to psoas |
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Where does sacral plexus form?
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Interior aspect of PIRIFORMIS
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anatomical distinction between sacral and lumbar plexi
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lumbar - inside psoas muscle - ABOVE pelvis
sacral - INSIDE pelvis - interior side PIRIFORMIS |
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Relative to brachial plexus, the lumbosacral plexus is _____, but pathology is __________
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Relative to brachial plexus, the lumbosacral plexus is RARELY INJURED, but pathology is MORE OMINOUS
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What does femoral nerve innervate in ABDOMEN
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ILIACUS (muscle that combines with psoas major)
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When the femoral nerve enters the thigh, it runs DEEP to _____, LATERAL to____ and is NOT _____
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When the femoral nerve enteres the thigh, it runs DEEP to the INGUINAL LIGAMENT, LATERAL to the FEMORAL ARTERY and vein, and is NOT in the FEMORAL SHEATH.
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What muscles does femoral nerve innervate?
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pectinus
(anterior thigh compartment): sartorius quadriceps |
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What special regions of the thigh does the femoral nerve descend through?
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Femoral triangle
Hunter's canal |
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saphenous nerve =
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most distal, sensory part of femoral nerve
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Clinical significance of MEDIAL FOOT SENSATION
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integrity of SAPHENOUS NERVE
L4 dermatome |
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Muscle action problem associated with injured/entrapped femoral nerve
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Difficulty rising from seated position
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sensory targets of obdurator nerve
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pelvic floor or parietal perineum
cutaneous sensation to portion of medial thigh, hip and knee joints |
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Obdurator nerve exits into thigh through
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obdurator foramen
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obdurator nerve motor innervation targets
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muscles of medial thigh, except pectineus
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Roots of lateral femoral cutaneous
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L2, L3
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lateral femoral cutaneous n. placement in pelvis
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Runs under inguinal ligament just under ASIS
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is lateral femoral cutaneous n. part of femoral n?
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NO!
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meralgia paresthetica
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entrapment of lateral femoral cutaneous n. behind inguinal ligament, causing numbness
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area innervated by lateral cutaneous n.?
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anteriolateral cutaneous portion of thigh
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Where does sciatic nerve form?
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Internal surface of piriformis
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2 nerves that combine to form sciatic nerve
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tibial (medial) and common peroneal (lateral)
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Injection injuries to what nerve are common?
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sciatic nerve
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6 external rotators of thigh in hip
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piriform
obdurator internus superior gemellus inferior gemellus quadrator femoris obdurator externus |
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abductors of thigh at hip
innervation |
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus suprior gluteal n. |
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quadriceps muscles
-action -4 muscles |
EXTEND LEG AT KNEE:
Rectus femoris (also flexes thigh) Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius |
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hamstring muscles
-action -4 muscles -innervation |
FLEX LEG AT KNEE:
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Long head biceps femoris Short head biceps femoris -tibial nerve |
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3 plantar flexors
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gastrocnemeus
soleus plantaris |
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Muscles of anterior crural compartment
-innervation |
Anterior tibialis (also invertor)
Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Peroneus tertius Innervation - Deep peroneal n |
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Action of muscles in anterior crural compartment
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dorsiflexion and toe extension
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On what joint do the muscles of the LATERAL crural compartment act on?
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SUBTALAR joint
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Muscles and innervation of lateral crural compartment
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Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis (avulsed in lateral sprain) Innervation -Superficial peroneal n |
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Intrinsic DORSAL foot muscles
-innervation |
Extensor digiti brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis Toe extenders Innervation - deep peroneal (L5, S1) |
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Deepest layer foot muscles
-innervaton -on what side(s) of foot |
3 plantar interossei
4 dorsal interossei -tibial n. -PLANTAR SIDE! (including "dorsal" interossei) |
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What part of sciatic nerve do injection injuries always involve?
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common peroneal n.
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femoral neck fracture and arthoplasty endanger which nerve?
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sciatic nerve
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where does sciatic nerve run in thigh?
|
between medial and lateral hamstring muscle
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where does sciatic nerve bifurcate and into what?
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superior border of popliteal fossa
tibial common peroneal |
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common peroneal n. innervates what muscle?
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short head of biceps femoris
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where does common peroneal n. run in thigh?
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along medial border of biceps femoris
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Describe path of common peroneal n. in leg
|
It crosses superficial aspect of lateral head of gastrocnemius
deep to biceps tendon, posterior to lateral collateral ligament and I.T. tract. It curves around fibular neck, where it is palpable and easily injured |
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Where is common peroneal n. most endangered?
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crossing superficial aspect of lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle
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The DEEP PERONEAL N., a branch of the _______, runs deep to the _____ muscle and then along the anterior side of the _______
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The deep peroneal n., a branch of the common peroneal n, runs deep to the EXTENSOR HALLICUS LONGUS and then along the anterior side of the INTEROSSEUS MEMBRANE
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What runs along anterior interosseus membrane?
|
deep peroneal n.
tibial artery tibial vein |
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In ankle, deep peroneal n. runs deep to _________ (it is not _________)
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EXTENSOR RETINACULUM (not covered by any muscle)
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cutaneous innervation target of deep peroneal n.
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1st -2nd dorsal web space
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Muscles in MEDIAL THIGH
Nerve that innervates them |
Pectineus - femoral nerve
ADductor magnus ADductor longus ADductor brevis Gracilis Obdurator externus OBDURATOR NERVE |
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What muscle in the MEDIAL THIGH is innervated by the FEMORAL NERVE?
|
PECTINEUS
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What NERVE innervates the LATERAL THIGH
|
FEMORAL NERVE
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With what structures does the femoral nerve run in the ANTERIOR thigh?
|
femoral artery
femoral vein |
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Muscles of ANTERIOR thigh
|
Sartorius
Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis |
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ONLY 2 muscles in ANTERIOR thigh that cross both hip and knee joints
|
Sartorius
Rectus femoris |
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NERVE innervating muscles of ANTERIOR LEG
|
DEEP PERONEAL N.
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With what artery does the DEEP PERONEAL N. run in the ANTERIOR LEG
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ANTERIOR TIBIAL A.
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Muscles of the ANTERIOR LEG
|
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor hallicus longus Extensor digitorum |
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Nerve innervating LATERAL LEG
|
SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL NERVE
|
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Muscles in LATERAL LEG
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Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis |
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Action of peroneus muscles
|
subtalar everters
|
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Muscles of deep posterior subcompartment of leg
|
Tibialis posterior
flexor hallicus longus flexor digitorum longus popliteus |
|
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Muscles of superficial posterior subcompartment
|
soleus
gastrocnemius plantaris |
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Plantar fasciitis
|
inflammation of plantar aponeurosis, particularly its medial portion
causes pain on first few steps after rest |
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Nerve innervating POSTERIOR THIGH
|
sciatic nerve
|
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Nerve innervating posterior compartments of leg
|
tibial nerve
|
|
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Action of GLUTEUS medius and minimus
|
Thigh ABduction at hip
|
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Action of deep buttock muscles (not including glutes)
|
External rotation of thigh at hip
|
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Nerve to tensor fascia lata
|
superior gluteal
|
|
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Actions of tensor fascial lata
|
flexes thigh
internally rotates thigh |
|
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Distal insertion of iliopsoas muscle
|
LESSER TROCHANTER
|
|
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action of ilospsoas muscle
|
THIGH FLEXION
|
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What nerve innervates the EXTENSOR portion of ADductor Magnus
|
SCIATIC N.
|
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Besides plantarflexion, what action does Tibialis Posterior do?
|
foot inversion
|
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What leg muscles attach ABOVE the knee
|
gastrocnemius
politeus plantaris |
|
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Mechanism by which foot is inverted
|
Tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior work together to INVERT the foot at the subtalar joint so that extension and flexion are canceled out
|
|
|
DORSAL layer of INTRINSIC foot muscles
nerve = |
Extensor digiti brevis
extensor hallicus brevis Nerve = deep peroneal n. |
|
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Anterior rami of ______ form LUMBAR PLEXUS
|
L2, L3, L4
|
|
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LUMBOSACRAL TRUNK
Roots comprising location of exit from psoas major |
L4, L5
medial to psoas on sacral ala |
|
|
TYPE of lower limb innervation supplied by LUMBAR PLEXUS
|
ANTERIOR and MEDIAL THIGH
MOTOR INNERVATION |
|
|
Roots forming SACRAL PLEXUS
|
Lumbosacral trunk (L4, L5)
+ S1, S2, S3 |
|
|
Innervation supplied by SACRAL PLEXUS
|
MOTOR INNERVATION
buttock, lateral hip, posterior thigh, entire leg and foot |
|
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Rectus femoris attachments
|
Anterior Iliac INFERIOR Spine
AIIS |
|
|
Attachments to ASIS
|
Tensor fascia lata
Iliacus muscle Sartorius muscle Inguinal ligament |
|
|
Attachments to Greater Trochanter
|
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus Superior gemellus Piriformis Inferior gemellus Obdurator internus and externus Quadrator femoris |
|
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Attachements to Lesser trochanter
|
Iliopsoas tendon
|
|
|
Inability to rise from seated position suggests
|
loss of FEMORAL NERVE innervation
|
|
|
Where does saphenous nerve run in thigh?
|
runs with FEMORAL ARTERY and VEIN
deep to SARTORIUS in Hunter's canal |
|
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Type of innervation from SAPHENOUS nerve
|
SENSORY branches (from femoral)
|
|
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Where does saphenous nerve run in leg?
|
Runs with great saphenous vein along medial side of leg
|
|
|
nerve containing L4 dermatome in foot
|
Saphenous
|
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Cutaneous innervation from OBDURATOR NERVE
|
small portion of medial thigh
|
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Joints innervated by Obdurator nerve
|
hip
knee |
|
|
Lateral (femoral) cutaneous nerve
source type of innervation location of target innervation |
formed inside psoas by L2, L3 (from lumbar plexus)
NOT a branch of femoral n. SENSORY only ANTERIOR LATERAL thigh |
|
|
piriformis syndrome
|
entrapment of peroneal component of sciatic nerve in piriformis muscle
|
|
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Injuries to the ____ ligament endanger the common peroneal nerve
|
Lateral collateral ligament (in knee joint)
|
|
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Common peroneal nerve is most vulnerable where it __-
|
wraps around fibular neck
|
|
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Describe path of common peroneal after it wraps around fibular head
|
passes deep to peroneus (fibularis) longus and divides into DEEP peroneal n. and SUPERFICIAL peroneal n.
|
|
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Type of innervation supplied by sural nerve
|
sensory
|
|
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With what vessel does the SURAL nerve run?
|
Lesser Saphenous Vein
|
|
|
What nerve is palpable just inferior to LATERAL MALLEOLUS
|
Sural nerve
|
|
|
Most frequently biopsied nerve in body
|
sural nerve
|
|
|
Dermatome of LATERAL FOOT
|
S1
|
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Dermatome of MEDIAL FOOT
|
L4
|
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Dermatome of DORSUM of FOOT
|
L5
|
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Peripheral nerve innervating skin of LATERAL FOOT
|
SURAL from femoral n.
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Peripheral nerve innervating skin of MEDIAL FOOT
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SAPHENOUS from femoral n.
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Peripheral nerve innervating skin of antero-lateral thigh
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lateral femoral cutaneous n.
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Myotomes of ANTEROR and MEDIAL THIGH
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L2, L3, L4
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Myotomes of LOWER LIMB, except for anterior and medial thigh
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L5, S1
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Nerve root involved in deep ACHILLES TENDON REFLEX
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S1
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Nerve root involved in deep PATELLAR TENDON REFLEX
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L4
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Nerve root involved in Deep INTERNAL HAMSTRING REFLEX
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L5
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Obdurator artery supplies...
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Obdurator externus
pectineus gracilis |
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Superior gluteal artery
exits pelvis though ____ supplies ____ anastamoses with ____ |
Superior gluteal artery
exits pelvis though GREATER SCIATIC FORAMEN supplies GLUTEAL MM and TENSOR FASCIA LATA anastamoses with INFERIOR GLUTEAL and MEDIAL CIRCUMFLEX HUMERAL AA |
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Inferior gluteal artery
exists pelvis ____ supplies ____ |
Inferior gluteal artery
exits pelvis INFERIOR to PIRIFORMIS with inferior gluteal nerve supplies GLUTEUS MAXIMUS, deep buttock muscles and SUPERIOR HAMSTRINGS |
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Major artery of CRUCIATE ANASTAMOSIS
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Inferior gluteal artery
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Arteries of CRUCIATE ANASTAMOSIS
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inferior gluteal artery
profunda femoris medial and lateral circumflex femoral aa superior gluteal artery |
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What does the CRUCIATE ANASTAMOSIS BYPASS
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the femoral artery from the origin of the external iliac ot the origin of the profunda femoris
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Major pathology of great vessels in lower limb
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atherosclerosis
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Major pathology of small vessels in lower limb
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diabetes mellitus
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What artery is the FEMORAL ARTERY a direct continuation of?
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External iliac artery
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In the femoral sheath, the femoral artery puts out muscular branches to what muscles?
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Sartorius
Vastus medialis ADductor muscles |
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Is it safe to get an ABG from the femoral artery in children? Why or why not?
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NO. B/c puncture may scar and that part of the vessel may not grow with child.
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Main arterial supply to thigh
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Profunda femoris a
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Major pathology of small vessels in lower limb
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diabetes mellitus
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What artery is the FEMORAL ARTERY a direct continuation of?
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External iliac artery
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In the femoral sheath, the femoral artery puts out muscular branches to what muscles?
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Sartorius
Vastus medialis ADductor muscles |
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Is it safe to get an ABG from the femoral artery in children? Why or why not?
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NO. B/c puncture may scar and that part of the vessel may not grow with child.
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Main arterial supply to legq
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Femoral artery
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Main arterial supply to thigh
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Profunda femoris a.
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What thigh muscles does the profunda femoris a. supply
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ALL, except for sartorius, vastus medialis, few of the adductors
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Where does the PROFUNDA FEMORIS originate?
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posterior and lateral surface of femoral artery, 2-5cm (avg. 4 cm) DISTAL to INGUINAL LIGAMENT
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What muscle separates femoral and profunda femoris aa in thigh?
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ADductor LONGUS
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Profunda femoris a. runs on anterior surface of what muscle in thigh?
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ADductor MAGNUS
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Branches of PROFUNDA FEMORIS A.
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Medial femoral circumflex
Lateral femoral circumflex 4 perforating branches muscular branches |
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Major supplier of blood to femoral head
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Medial femoral circumflex
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The ________ circumflex passes POSTERIORLY to femur
The ______ circumflex passes ANTERIORLY to femur |
The MEDIAL FEMORAL CIRCUMFLEX A. passes POSTERIORLY to FEMUR
The LATERAL FEMORAL CIRCUMFLEX passes ANTERIORLY to FEMUR |
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What muscle does FIRST perforating branch of profunda femoris a. usually pierce before piercing the ADductor?
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PECTINEUS (near inferior border)
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Does the PROFUNDA FEMORIS A. enter Hunter's Canal?
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NO!
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Where does popliteal artery terminate?
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Inferior border of popliteus muscle
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Origin of DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERY
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Anterior tibial a. changes its name to dorsalis pedis a. at inferior border of extensor retinaculum
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The posterior tibial a. lies on the posterior surface of what muscle?
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Tibialis posterior
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Palpate the posterior tibial a. in the _____
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Tarsal tunnel - between medial malleolus and calcaneal tuberosity
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Posterior tibial a. divides into ____ and ____ deep to what muscle
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Posterior tibial a. divides into medial and lateral plantar arteries deep to the ABductor Hallicus
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Medial plantar ARTERY accompanied by _____
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MEDIAL PLANTAR NERVE
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Deep plantar arch stems from which artery?
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LATERAL PLANTAR ARTERY
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Pulsation in FOOT - check which artery?
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dorsalis pedis.a.
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Cruciate anastamosis, aka:
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posterior inguinal anastamosis
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3 tributaries of popliteal vein
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deep veins of peroneal, posterior tibial and anterior tibial arteries
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which veins in lower limb carry almost all of its blood
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DEEP VEINS!
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Why do varicose veins develop?
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No muscle around superficial veins to compress them and neutralize pressure, so they distend
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What do communicating veins do?
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Connect superficial and deep veins
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Where is femoral vein located?
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1 finger width medial to femoral pulse
just below inguinal ligament |
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Where does aorta become iliac a?
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L4 vertebra
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Where does common iliac a. bifurcate into external and internal iliac arteries?
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L5-S1 disc space
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What TWO actions does GASTROCNEMIUS DO?
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Plantarflexion
Flexion of leg at knee! (therefore not used to stand on tiptoe) |
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Roots of
SCIATIC NERVE |
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
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Roots of
TIBIAL NERVE |
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
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Roots of
COMMON PERONEAL NERVE |
L4, L5, S1
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FEMORAL TRIANGLE
boundaries |
Superior - inguinal ligament
Medial - ADductor longus Lateral - Sartorius Floor - iliopsoas, pectineus, ADductor longus Roof - fascia lata, cribiform fascia |
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Lateral ankle ligament
-prevents -three parts |
anterior talofibular ligament
posterior talofibular ligament calcaneofibular ligament -limits INVERSION |
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Roots of femoral nerve
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L2-L4
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