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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the process of ultra filtration and the places that it happens |
The separation of large molecules from small In the glomerulus In the bowmans capsule |
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In the glomerulus |
Knot like capillaries Fenstarations between a endothelial cell layers |
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Bowmans capsule |
Basement membrane- molecular seive, small molecules pass through onto the filtrate Podocytes- grip on to basement membrane forming filtration slits |
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How is a high blood pressure maintained |
The afferent arteriole has a wider diameter than the efferent arteriole This greates a high glomerilous pressure Pushes water and salutes into the bowmans capsule |
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Selective reabsorption where does it happen |
Proximal convoluted tubule Reabsorption useful substances and removes waste Absorbs glucose vitamins and nearly all water due to water potential differences This lowers water potential in the filtrate increasing solute concentrations |
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Advantages of the proximal convoluted tubule |
Specialised cells with microvili to increase surface area Lots of mitochondria to to produce ATP for active transport Cell membrane contains specific proteine carriers |
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Loop of Henley function |
Acts as a counter current multiplier Increase solute concentration in the medulla so water can be reabsorbed by collecting duct cells |
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Descending loop of Henley |
High water potential Permeable to water Water leaves by osmosis Filtrate has increases concentration gradient Water is carried away by the vasa recta cappilaries to the renal vein and absorbed by the collecting duct |
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Ascending loop |
Low water potential Impermeable to water Salt conc in the medulla maintained as Na+ and Cl- is piped out by active transport |
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In hot environments what's the size of the loop |
Longer Conserve water Small volume of concentrated urine Increase salt conc in the medulla More water absorbed my the collecting duct Excretatory waste stored as urea |
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Distil convoluted tubule |
Water potential in the blood becomes negative Osmoreceptors is in the hypothalamus detect the change -The positive pituitary gland in the brain secretes ADH -ADH attaches to receptors on the collecting duct cells increasing their permeability to water -Water moves from the collecting duct to the blood by osmosis -Producing more concentrated urine at a lower volume |
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Functions of the kidney |
Ph regulation Osmoregulation Removes nitrogenous waste Removes urea from blood |
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Homeostasis |
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
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Negative feedback
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A process by which the levels are returned to a normal range
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Fresh water Fish excretory products
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Very soluble
very toxic rapid Water moves in diluting NH3 |
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Mammals and see fish excretory products
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Medium solubility
Medium toxic slow excretion in water as urine can only be stored in the body for a short time |
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Birds and insects excretory products
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Insoluble non-toxic stored on excreted using little water organisms can live in dry environments and conserve water Low mass good for flight
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