Logical Fallacies 1

Front 1

Accent

Back 1

Supplying a statement with an unintended meaning (taking it out of context)

Front 2

Ad Hominem

Back 2

Attacking the arguer rather than the argument

Front 3

Appeal to Emotion

Back 3

Trying to persuade people by producing an emotional response

Front 4

Appeal to Authority

Back 4

Relying on other people's testimony about a matter outside their areas of expertise

Front 5

Appeal to Ignorance

Back 5

Inferring the falsity of a proposition from our failure to establish its truth or inferring the truth of a proposition from our failure to establish its falsity

Front 6

Begging the Question

Back 6

Including the conclusion of an argument among the premises or employing a premise whose credibility depends on the credibility of the conclusion

Front 7

Bifurcation

Back 7

Suggesting that two alternatives are mutually exhaustive or mutually exclusive when they aren't

Front 8

Complex Question

Back 8

Asking a question that presupposes that a dubious conclusion has already been established

Front 9

Division

Back 9

Assuming that a property that belongs to a group, as a group, also belongs to each of its members

Front 10

Equivocation

Back 10

Making an argument invalid by allowing an ambiguous word to shift its meaning

Front 11

False Analogy

Back 11

Drawing an analogy between situations that differ with respect to some central feature of an issue under discussion

Front 12

False Cause

Back 12

Treating the simultaneous occurrence of events as adequate evidence of their causal connection

Front 13

Hasty generalization

Back 13

Basing a generalization on insufficient of unrepresentative data

Front 14

Irrelevant Thesis

Back 14

Diverting attention away from the main issue by arguing for or against some other conclusion

Front 15

Question-Begging Epithets

Back 15

Using a descriptive phrase that presupposes that a dubious conclusion has already been established

Front 16

Special Pleading

Back 16

employing an unjustified double standard