Logic Final Meixner

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Logic is...

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The study of correct reasoning
The theory of inference
A symbolic or mechanical system for representing and testing patterns of arguments

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Defective argument

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The truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion

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Inductive argument

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Truth of the premises supports but DOES NOT GUARANTEE the truth of the conclusion

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Valid argument

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Valid only If the conclusion follows deductively from the premises

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Sound argument

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Sound if (1) it is valid (2) if the premises are true

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Valid is a question of...

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Form

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True or false is a question of...

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Content

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Sound is a question of...

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Form & content

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Statements

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Are true and false but NEVER valid, sound or unsound

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Cogency

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If the conclusion is well supported by the premises
If premises are well supported by the evidence
If we are considering all the available relevant

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Appeal to Force

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Arguer threatens reader/listener

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Appeal to Pity

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Argued elicits pity from reader/listener

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Appeal to the people

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Arguer incites a mod mentality or appeals to desire for security love or respect

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Argument against the person

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Abusive - arguer personally verbally attacks
Circumstantial- presents opponent as predisposed
Tu quoque- presents opponent as a hypocrite

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Accident

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General rule is applied to a specific case wasn't intended to cover

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Straw Man

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Arguer distorts an opponents argument and then attacks the distorted argument

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Missing the point

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Arguer draws conclusion different from the one supported by the premises

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Red Herrig

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Arguer leads reader/listening off track

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Appeal to unqualified authority

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Weak induction: arguer cities untrustworthy authority

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Appeal to Ignorance

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Weak induction: premises report nothing is known/proved and a conclusion is drawn

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Hasty generalization.

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Weak induction: a general conclusion is drawn from a typical sample

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False Cause

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Conclusion depends on nonexistent or minor casual connection

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Slippery slope

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Conclusion depends on an unlikely chain reaction of causes

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Weak Analogy

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Conclusion depends on a defective analogy

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Begging the question

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Arguer creates similarity that inadequate premises are adequate by leaving out a key premises

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Complex question

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Multiple questions are concealed as a single question

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False Dictotomy

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An either...or..."premise hides additional alternative"

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Suppressed Evidence

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Arguer ignores important evidence that requires a different conclusion

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Equivocation

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Conclusion depends on a sniff in meaning of word or phrase

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Amphiboly

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Conclusion depends on an incorrect interpretation of an ambiguous statement made by someone other than the arguer

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Composition

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An attribute is wrongly transferred from the parts to the whole

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Division

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An attribute is wrongly transferred from the whole to the parts

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Basic Truth Function Table

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Rule for Truth Table

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Tautology

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Everything under main operator are all true

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Self-contradictory

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Everything under main operator is false

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Contingent

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Under main operator, at least one true, at least one false

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Logically equivalent

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Same truth value of each line

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Sufficient condition

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Occurrence of event A is all that's required for occurrence event B

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Necessary condition

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Event B cannot occur without the occurrence of Event A

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Enthymematic

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An argument missing a premise

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Contradiction

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False in every valuation

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Translations

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