Logic Exam 1

Front 1

statement

Back 1

a sentence that is either true or false

Front 2

conditional statement

Back 2

"If...then"

Front 3

categorical statement

Back 3

"all/no/some.. are/are not"

Front 4

quality

Back 4

affirmative or negative

Front 5

quantity

Back 5

universal or particular

Front 6

explanation

Back 6

a non-argument that tries to shed light on something... usually accepted as matter of fact.NOT PROVING ANYTHING

Front 7

premise(s)

Back 7

statement in argument that sets forth evidence

Front 8

truth-value

Back 8

the attribute by which a statement is either true or false

Front 9

conclusion

Back 9

the statement in an argument that the premises are claimed to support or imply

Front 10

argument

Back 10

a group of statements, one or more of which are the premise which claims to provide support for the conclusion

Front 11

deductive argument

Back 11

it is impossible for conclusion to be false given that the premises are true

Front 12

inductive argument

Back 12

it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true.

Front 13

valid (deduction)

Back 13

impossible fro conclusion to be false given premises are true

Front 14

invalid (deductive)

Back 14

it is possible fro the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.

all banks are financial institutions
wells fargo is a financial institution
therefore, wells fargo is a bank

Front 15

sound (deductive)

Back 15

valid with true premises

Front 16

unsound (deductive)

Back 16

invalid, has one or more false premises or both

Front 17

enthymeme

Back 17

an argument that is missing a part (premise)

Front 18

syllogism

Back 18

deductive argument with 2 premises and 1 conclusion

Front 19

major term

Back 19

predicate

Front 20

minor term

Back 20

subject

Front 21

middle term

Back 21

the term that occurs only in the premises of categorical syllogism

Front 22

hypothetical syllogism

Back 22

conditional statement (if...) for one or both of premises

Front 23

disjunctive

Back 23

"either..or.." statement in one of its premises

Front 24

traditional square of opposition

Back 24

A E
I O

Front 25

contradictory

Back 25

opposite truth value

Front 26

contrary

Back 26

at least one is false (not both true)

Front 27

subcontrary

Back 27

at least one is true (not both false)

Front 28

subalternation

Back 28

truth flows downwards, falsity flows upwards

Front 29

true or false:
All valid arguments are sound

Back 29

False

Front 30

true or false:
All sound arguments are valid

Back 30

True

Front 31

true or false:
Some sound arguments have false premises

Back 31

False

Front 32

true or false:
Some valid arguments have false premises

Back 32

True

Front 33

unless

Back 33

v
(wedge)

Front 34

tautology

Back 34

a wff that cannot be false

Front 35

self-contradictory proposition

Back 35

a wff that cannot be true

Front 36

P * Q

Back 36

t
f
f
f

Front 37

P v Q

Back 37

t
t
t
f

Front 38

P > Q

Back 38

t
f
t
t

Front 39

P = Q

Back 39

t
f
t
t

Front 40

T or F
a valid argument may have a false premise and a true conclusion

Back 40

True

Front 41

T or F
A valid argument may have a false premise and a true conclusion

Back 41

False

Front 42

T or F
A sound argument may be invalid

Back 42

False

Front 43

An argument can be legitimately spoken of as "true" or "false"

Back 43

False

Front 44

sound argument =

Back 44

valid + true premises

Front 45

cogent argument =

Back 45

strong + true premises

Front 46

proposition

Back 46

statement that is either true or false

Front 47

Francis Bacon's argument for
The New Organon

Back 47

truth must be discovered by starting from facts of nature and gradually moving toward general axioms. He critiques the syllogism and aristotelean deductive logic on the basis that it accepts matters of fact and axioms out right.

Front 48

Mill's Method of Joint Agreement and Difference

Back 48

identify a condition that is present in 2 or more occurances in which the phenomenon is present and absent in 2 or more occurances in which the phenomenon is absent

Front 49

Hume's worry concerning inductive reasoning (the Inquiry)

Back 49

everyday reasoning depends on repeated experiences rather than deductively valid arguments. there is no gaurantee that past will always determine future.

Front 50

example of formal fallacy DENYING THE ANTECEDENT

Back 50

If you work hard you will get a good job. If you do not work hard you will not get a good job.

Front 51

example of formal fallacy
AFFIRMING THE CONSQUENT

Back 51

if you own a horse you know an equine veterinarian. I know an equine veterinarian, therefore I own a horse.

Front 52

pure hypothetical syllogism

Back 52

all thoroughbreds are horses
all horses are herbavores
all thoroughbreds are herbavores

Front 53

MP

Back 53

if A then B
A
-- B

Front 54

MT

Back 54

if A then B
not B
-- not A

Front 55

DS

Back 55

either A or B
not A
-- B

Front 56

CD

Back 56

(p then q) * (r then s)
p or r
-- q or s

Front 57

Conj

Back 57

p
q
-- p * q