Logic Chapter 5,7,8

Front 1

Rhetoric

Back 1

1. The art of persuasion.
2. "A broad category of linguistic techniques people use when their primary objective is to influence beliefs, attitudes, and behavior.

Front 2

Euphemisms

Back 2

Synonyms with positive connotations.

Hint 2

I'm not a gardener, I'm a landscape architect.

Front 3

Dysphemism

Back 3

Synonyms with negative connotations

Hint 3

Assad isn't a ruler, he is a tyrant!

Front 4

Weaselers

Back 4

Subtly water down claims to make them technically true, but less meaningful.

Hint 4

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Front 5

Downplayers

Back 5

Words or phrases that intentionally make something seem less significant.

Hint 5

Whatever, She's just giving birth to triplets!

Front 6

Stereotypes

Back 6

A generalization or assumption about all members of a group based on an image of some members of that group.

Hint 6

People from the south are bigots.

White men are privileged ******** with an overactive sense of entitlement.

Front 7

Innuendo

Back 7

Communicating a claim without explicitly saying it.

Hint 7

Well, at least some of you didn't bomb the midterm.

He had a great personality.

Front 8

Loaded Question

Back 8

A question, all of whose answers imply some unwarranted claim.

Hint 8

Have you always been an ignorant pig, or is this a recent development?

If you could change one thing about me, what would it be?

Front 9

Ridicule and Sarcasm

Back 9

Humorous phrases used to sway opinion, often by making another speaker or contrary claim seem silly.

Hint 9

You think bombing syria will bring peace? Yeah, and maybe flying monkeys will drop gold coins and fruit baskets from the sky and no one will ever be poor or hungry again. You are an idiot.

Front 10

Hyperbole

Back 10

Extravagant overstatement to make something sound better or worse than it actually is.

Hint 10

This is the best song ever.

I hate everything.

Front 11

Rhetorical Definitions

Back 11

Pseudo-definitions that use emotionally charged language to persuade.

Hint 11

Hot pockets are small explosives designed to burn your insides as punishment for eating them.

Front 12

Rhetorical Explanations

Back 12

Pseudo-explanations that use emotionally charged language to persuade.

Hint 12

He became a professor because he couldn't cut it as a skater.

Front 13

Rhetorical Analogies

Back 13

The comparison of something with something else that has an emotionally charged association.

Hint 13

Getting an abortion is like murdering a baby.

Front 14

Misleading Comparisons

Back 14

Comparisons that seem helpful, but are either lacking important information or misrepresent the comparison classes.

Hint 14

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Front 15

Proof Surrogate

Back 15

A word or phrase that there is proof, even though it does not give any.

Hint 15

Dentists agree that peanut butter is the best toothpaste.

Front 16

Repetition

Back 16

A method of persuading people of a point by saying it over and over.

Hint 16

Teaching "Columbus discovered America" in schools.

Front 17

Fallacy

Back 17

A common error in reasoning

Front 18

Straw Man Argument

Back 18

The misrepresentation of an argument to more easily refute it.

Hint 18

Basically, evolutionists are saying that human beings are monkeys, which no one could reasonably believe.

Front 19

Genetic Fallacy

Back 19

When a person rejects a claim simply on the basis of its origins.

Hint 19

A philosopher said it, so it must be false.

That clock is broken, so it must not be 5:00

Front 20

Ad Hominem

Back 20

Attacking a person in order to undermine their claims.

Hint 20

John Boehner says that Obamacare will lower the quality of life for the elderly. But Boehner is an idiot, so that must not be true.

Front 21

Personal Ad Hominem

Back 21

An Ad Hominem based on a negative characteristic of the speaker.

Hint 21

Marth Stewart says that the best parties always serve lemon water. But she is a convicted criminal, so she must be wrong.

Front 22

Inconsistency Ad Hom

Back 22

Rejecting a speaker's claim because it contradicts a previous claim of theirs.

Hint 22

You shouldn't believe it when John says that he is for gay marriage, since only last year he was telling everybody how against it he was!

Front 23

Circumstantial Ad Hom

Back 23

Rejecting someone's claim because of the circumstances that the speaker is in.

Hint 23

You can't believe the professor when he says it is important to study. He is employed by the university, so of course he would say that!

Front 24

Poisoning the Well

Back 24

Using ad hominems to diminish a person's credibility before they even speak.

Hint 24

You mustn't believe a word she says! She is a witch, and her words will only serve to ensnare you!

Front 25

Positive Ad Homs

Back 25

Ad Hominems used to make us trust a person because of positive characteristics.

Hint 25

She's very attractive, so you should believe her when she gives the weather forecast.

Front 26

False Dilemma

Back 26

When you limit a choice to only two options, although other alternatives are available.

AKA False Dichotomy

Hint 26

You're either a patriot or a terrorist

Everyone is either a man or a woman.

Front 27

Perfectionist Fallacy

Back 27

When we will only accept something if it is perfect.

Hint 27

I will not study unless that will guarantee that I get 100%.

If condoms only work MOST of the time, why bother with them at all?

Front 28

Line Drawing Fallacy

Back 28

Trying to draw definite lines to define vague concepts.

Hint 28

You are only rich if you have more than $1,346,934.

It's only speeding if you are 20 mph over the limit.

Front 29

Slippery Slope

Back 29

When we claim that negative, but unlikely, consequences will definitely follow from doing something.

Hint 29

If we have to label whether food is GM, we'll also have to label all other kinds of foods, and soon our food will be so covered with labels that we won't even know what's inside the packaging!

Front 30

Misplacing the Burden of Proof

Back 30

When we give the obligation to prove a claim to the wrong side of an argument.

Hint 30

Person A: It was aliens who stole my goat!
Person B: You're insane.
Person A: Well, how do you know it wasn't aliens!?

Front 31

Begging the Question

Back 31

When the conclusion of an argument turns out to be an assumed premise of the same argument.

Hint 31

I can prove that God exists: Scripture says that God exists, and Scripture is true, because it was written by God!

Front 32

Categorical Claim

Back 32

A statement about a group and its members.

Hint 32

All cows are mammals.

All that glitters is not gold.

Front 33

A Claims

Back 33

"All"

FORM: All S are P.

Hint 33

All my friends are rockstars.

All apples are fruits.

Front 34

E Claims

Back 34

"Exclusion"

FORM: No S are P.

Hint 34

No monkeys are pancakes.

No terrorists are safe from Americaugh.

Front 35

I Claims

Back 35

"Inclusion"

FORM: Some S are P

Hint 35

Some girls have all the luck.

Some people are awsome.

Front 36

O Claims

Back 36

"Omission"

FORM: Not all S are P.

Hint 36

Not all things are what they seem.

NOt all catbeards are cooperative.

Front 37

Conversion

Back 37

Swap the positions of the subject and predicate.

Hint 37

A: All P are S
E: No P are S
I: Some P are S
O: Some P are not S

Front 38

Equivalent

Back 38

Two statements are equivalent if, no matter what we plug in for S and P, those statements have the same truth value.

Front 39

Complementary

Back 39

A new term that refers to everything but the original term.

Hint 39

Non-student

Front 40

Obversion

Back 40

Step 1: Change the claim type horizontally across the square of opposition.
Step 2: Change the predicate to its complementary.

Hint 40

Ex: Some birds are brown -->
Some birds are not non-brown (Not all birds are non-brown)

Front 41

Contraposition

Back 41

Step 1: Swap the places of the subject and predicate terms.
Step 2: Replace both subject and predicate with their complementary terms.

Hint 41

Ex: All swans are white -->
All non-white things are non-swans.