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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the substrates for anaerobic methanogenesis?
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CO2, Formate, and H2
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How do you generate ATP in Euryarchaeota?
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PMF generation
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Where are methanogens found?
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Swamps, rumens of cows, and marine sediments, areas of LOW oxygen concentration
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What type of group does methanogenesis occur in?
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Euryarchaeota
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How much methane can a cow produce in a day?
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200-400 liters of methane a day
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Describe the environment in which Halobacteria live.
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High Salt environments (3-4 M)
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What are the four membrane components found in H. Salinarium?
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Bacteriorhodopsin (light driven proton pump) Halorhodopsin (light driven transporter), and 2 sensory rhodopsins
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What is the function of the sensory rhodopsins found in Halobacteria?
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controls movement in response to red and blue light
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How many phyla are included in Bergeys? What is the breakdown?
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24. 22 are gram negative and 2 are gram positive
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What is the phylum that lacks techoinc acids and contains ornithine instead of lysine?
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Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus
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Describe the classification of the deinococcans and what they look like.
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gram positive, but have outer membrane containing ornithine cross links and they lack techoic acids
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How do the individualized structures of deinococcans help them?
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They are grouped as tetrads and the nucleoids fuse together to provide a template for fixing DS-DNA breaks.
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What is the source of electrons for purple and green nonsulfur bacteria?
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organic electron source
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What is the source of electrons for purple and green sulfur bacteria?
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inorganic electron source
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Name a type of gram positive species other than the d. radiodurans in phylum deinococcus
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heliobacteria (phylum firmicutes)
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How do non-oxygenic phyla provide reducing power? What form is the reducing power in?
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they provide it through sulfur or organic molecules and make NADPH
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Which phylum consists of old life forms?
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Phylum Cyanobacteria
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What are cyanobacteria/stromalites responsible for in terms of the air?
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oxygen content
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What did the cyanobacteria ancestors eventually become?
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they were captured by eukaryotic cells to become chloroplasts
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How do cyanobacteria generate oxygen?
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2 photosystems use water as an electron donor and generate O2 as a product.
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what do cyanobacteria contain in terms of chlorophylls?
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chlorophyll a (prochlorophytes) and chl b
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Name the four groups of cyanobacteria.
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anabaena spiroides, nostoc, oscillatoria, and choococcus turgidus
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Anabaena have what type of cells?
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akinetes, thick-walled dormant cells that survive dessication and heterocysts
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When do heterocysts become active?
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when nitrogen sources are limited, they differentiate
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What is the function of heterocysts?
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they have one photosystem and they don't produce O2, theye fix N2 by neighboring cells.
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Describe the structure and role of the Phylum Chlamydia.
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NO cell wall, obligatory intraceullar parasites
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What are the two forms of chlamydia existing with cells
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EB's and RB's
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Describe the EB form of Chlamydia.
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It has a highly cross linked outer membrane and functions in extra cellular survival. Metabolically it is inactive because it is outside the cell but it is infective
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How do EB's convert into RB's?
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EB's bind to mucousal cells and are endocytosed and convert into metabolically active RB cells. The RB's divide and are metabolically active.
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How do chlamydial cells lyse?
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the RB's have to reconvert into EB's before they lyse the host cells.
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What causes blindness?
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C. trachomatis
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what does C. trachomatis do?
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cause blindness
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What causes lyme disease?
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all come from genus borrelia (B. burgdorferi)
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What is the host and vector for lyme disease?
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vector: ticks ... deer and mice are hosts for ticks and they are transferred to humans when ticks bite
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What are the three stages of lyme disease infection by a spirochete?
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1st causes flu and rash
2nd multi-organ inflammation 3rd- alzheimers and MS type of illness |
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Proteobacteria are gram negative or positive?
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all are gram negative
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Where are protebacteria thought to be derived from?
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purple bacteria
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what is used to genetically engineer plants? what does it contain?
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agrobacterium tumefaciens, contains a TI plasmid (tumor inducing)
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what bacteria requires stalk formation?
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caulobacter crescentus
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Caulobacter crescentus requires stalk formation for cell division and AFTER cell divison, true or false?
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false, prior to cell division.
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Describe bimorphism.
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in caulobacter crescentus, there is a model system for unequal binary fission called bimorphism. this is when a cell gives rise to a new type of structure.
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Caulobacter crescentus is a model for co-ordination events, and many phosphorelay systems are involved to control developmental systems. T/F
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True
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What is the name of the organism that reproduces in the periplasmic space?
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Bdelllovibrio bacteriovorus
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Describe the cycle of the Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
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First, it interrupts the CM and feasts on the cytoplasm of host cells. Multiple fission events produce many flagellated cells that escape as host lyses.
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What organism exhibits wolf-like behavior?
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Myxococcus xanthus
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What does myxococcus xanthus do?
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secretes slime in trails and has other cells follow, they move in swarms and other cells follow.
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What happens to myxococcus xanthus when the prey become scarce?
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they form aggregrates and turn into a fruiting body and then myxospores releasing new microbes in groups.
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How do the cells communicate in myxococcus xanthus?
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cell-cell communication mediated by 5 signals (A-E)
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The gram positive bacteria are divided into what two phylum? and what is the GC content?
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Low GC groups - Phylum Firmicutes
High GC groups - Phylum Actinobacteria |
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What are the three important gram positive bacteria with high gc content and what disease do they cause?
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TB (mycobacterium tuberculosis)
diptheria (corynebacterium diptheriae) propionibacterium acnes (acne) |
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What do many high gram positive organisms resemble?
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they resemble fungi because they have filamentous growth to make hyphae, and spores.
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What important role do LOW GC gram positive organisms have ?
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food production
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which phylum do endospore formers belong too?
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firmicutes
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which phylum do photosynthetic gram positive species belong too
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firmicutes
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What are characteristics of lactic acid bacteria? (LABs)
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strictly fermentative, aero-acid tolerant
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what happens when acid production is high in fermenting milk?
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curdled proteins and cheese is produced
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