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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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biology |
science of life |
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characteristics of life |
Made of one or more cells Displays Organization Grows and Develops Reproduces Responds to Stimuli Requires Energy Maintains Homeostasis Adaptations evolve over time |
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The Four Macromolecules |
carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids |
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Carbohydrates |
contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen provides energy subunit: monosaccharides |
ex. glucose, fructose, sucrose |
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Lipids |
contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen protects organs makes up the cell membrane stores energy insolates the body subunit: triglyceride |
fats, oils, waxes, steroids |
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Proteins |
contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen build cells act as hormones and enzymes does much of cell work subunit: amino acids |
enzymes, antibodies, hormones |
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Nucleic Acids |
contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous stores DNA builds proteins subunit: nucleitides |
DNA and RNA |
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Formula of Glucose |
C6H12O6 |
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Dehydration Synthesis |
removal of water molecule |
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Hydrolosis |
large molecules broken down with water |
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enzymes |
speed up the rate of chemical reactions |
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Denatured |
when enzymes change in shape and stops functioning |
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Two Factors that Effect Enzymes |
temperture and pH level |
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Ph Levels |
0-6🔜acidic 7🔜neutral 8-14🔜basic |
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Cell Theory |
1. cells make up all living things 2. basic units of structure
3. cells arise from other living cells |
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prokaryotic cells |
simple, unorganized nucleus |
ex. bacteria |
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eukaryotoc cells |
complex, has nucleus |
ex. plants |
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Nucleus |
control center of a cell gives instructions to other structures |
acts like human brain |
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vacuole |
transport and stores materials and wastes |
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cell wall |
found only in plants protects and shapes the cell |
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ribosomes |
produces proteins |
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mitochondria |
produces ATP (energy) |
powerhouse of a cell |
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lysosome |
digests worn out and excess organelles digests bacteria and viruses |
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golgi apparatus |
modifies and packages proteins into vesicles |
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endoplasmic rectilium |
transports materials |
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cytoplasm |
gel-like substance that holds structures together in the cell |
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chloroplast |
captures light energy and converts it to energy where photosynthesis occurs |
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metabolism |
chemical reactions that occur in an organism to maintain life |
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catabolic |
releases energy by breaking down larger molecules |
cellular respiration |
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anabolic |
uses energy to build larger molecules |
ex. photosynthesis |
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cellular respiration |
breaks up sugars to make energy |
C6H12O6 +6O2🔜6CO2+ 6H2O + energy |
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photosynthesis |
when light energy converts to chemical energy |
6CO2+6H2O🔜 C6H12O6+ O6 |
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Aerobic |
requires oxygen |
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anaerobic |
does not require oxygen |
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Mechanical Digestion |
uses teeth to break down larger pieces of food |
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Chemical Digestion |
amylase breaks down food |
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pancreas |
creates insulin |
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small intestine |
absorbs nutrients |
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large intestine |
absorbs water |
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Respiratoy System |
supply oxygen to body cells and removes carbon dioxide |
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Circulatory System |
spreads oxygen to muscles and structures to keep functioning |
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arteries |
carry oxygenated blood away from heart |
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capillaries |
smallest blood vessels and allows diffusion of nutrients and oxygen |
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veins |
brings unoxygenated blood to heart |
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valves |
prevent backwards flow of blood |
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red blood cells |
contain hemoglobin (iron) and oxygens |
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white blood cells |
fight infections |
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nervous system |
instructs functions throughout body |
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neurons |
carry electrical impulses |
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endocrine system |
produces hormones and maintains homeostasis |
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negative feedback mechanism |
reaction that causes decrease in function |
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homeostasis |
internal balance |
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immune system |
body defenders |
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first line of defense? |
skin |
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second line of defense? |
fever |
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pathogen |
bacteria or virus |
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antigen |
toxin |
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antibodies |
destroys pathogens |
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vaccines |
weakened form of pathogen |
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asexual reproduction |
one parent makes 2 daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes |
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sexual reproduction |
two parents that produce a variation in offspring and give half set of chromosomes each |
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mitosis |
cell division |
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chromosomes |
contain DNA |
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prophase |
nucleus membrane disappears, chromosomes become visible |
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Metaphase |
chromosomes line up on equator |
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anaphase |
chromatids seperate and move to opposite poles |
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Telophase |
chromosomes disappear and nucleus membrane reforms |
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cytokinesis |
division of cytoplasm that forms 2 daughter cells |
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binary fission |
asexual reproduction |
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vegatative reproduction |
new plants grow from parent plant |
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regeneration |
process of regrowth |
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budding |
small individuals grow from side |
ex. hydra |
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spores |
single cells that come from one parent |
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mitosis |
prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase, cytokinesis |
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G1 |
centrioles replicate |
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synthesis |
DNA replicates |
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G2 |
final growth before mitosis |
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meiosis |
gamete formation |
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homologous chromosomes |
chromosomes that make a pair |
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ovulation |
one egg per month |
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Puberty |
hypothalamus gland to pituatary gland sends out FH to boys and LSH to girls. Boys start producing testosterone in the testes then sperm in the testicles.Girls produce estrogen and begin their egg production. |
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genotype |
genetic makeup |
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phenotype |
physical traits |
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dominant trait |
will appear physically |
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recessive trait |
masked or hidden |
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DNA |
blueprint of life |
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Nitrogenous Bases and Base Pair Rule |
adenine to thymine guanine to cytosine |
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selective breeding |
desired traits from one animal to another |
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hybridization |
breeding disimilar animals to get best traits |
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genetic enginneering |
cutting DNA and created mutated organisms |
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restriction enzymes |
cut DNA at different lengths |
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Gel Electrophoresis |
to find a match of DNA |
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Evolution Theory |
Darwin saw genetic variations |
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Rate of Speciation |
gradualism: new species punctuated equilibrium: drastic change in environment |
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Where does energy flow in a ecosystems? |
in one direction |
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Can energy be recycled? |
No |
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Requirements |
constant flow of energy and cycling of materials |
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biotic |
living |
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abiotic |
non living |
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niches |
food type, animal role |
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commensalism |
one benefits while other does not benefit or is harmed |
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mutalism |
both benefit |
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parasitism |
one benefits while other is harmed |
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