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424 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Trapezius Upper Origin:
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EOP, superior nuchal line, C7 spinous process
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Trapezius Upper Insertion
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lateral third of clavicle, acromion process
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Trapezius Upper Action
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elevates the scapula, upward rotation of scapula,
extends head and neck, laterally flexes head and neck to side of contraction, rotates head and neck away from side of contraction |
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Trapezius Middle Origin
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spinous processes of T1-5
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Trapezius Middle Insertion
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spine of the scapula
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Trapezius Middle Action
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adduction and elevation of scapula
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Trapezius Lower Origin
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spinous processes of T6-12
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Trapezius Lower Insertion
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spine of scapula
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Trapezius Lower Action
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depression, adduction, and upward rotation of
scapula |
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Trapezius Innervation
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spinal accessory, C-11
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Levator Scapula Innervation
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dorsal scapular nerve
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Levator Scapula Origin
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transverse processes of C1-5
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Levator Scapula Insertion
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superior angle of the scapula down along the
superior medial border to the spine of the scapula |
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Levator Scapula Action
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elevation and downward rotation of the scapula,
lateral flexion of the head |
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Rhomboid Minor Innervation
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Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
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Rhomboid Minor Origin
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Origin: spinous processes of C7 and T1
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Rhomboid Minor Insertion
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Insertion: medial border of scapula at scapular spine
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Rhomboid Minor Action
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Action: adduction and downward rotation of the scapula
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Rhomboid Major Innervation
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Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
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Rhomboid Major Origin
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Origin: spinous processes of T2-5
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Rhomboid Major Insertion
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Insertion: medial border of scapula inferior to scapular spine
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Rhomboid Major Action
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Action: adduction and downward rotation of the scapula
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Serratus Anterior
Innervation |
Innervation: long thoracic nerve
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Serratus Anterior Origin
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Origin: ribs 1-8 or 9
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Serratus Anterior Insertion
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Insertion: anterior surface of the medial border and inferior angle of the
scapula |
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Serratus Anterior Action
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Action: abduction and upward rotation of the scapula; when the scapula is
fixed, it elevates the ribs |
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Pectoralis Minor
Innervation |
Innervation: medial pectoral nerve
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Pectoralis Minor Origin
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Origin: ribs 3-5 at the costal cartilage
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Pectoralis Minor Insertion
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Insertion: coracoid process of scapula
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Pectoralis Minor Action
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Action: depression and downward rotation of scapula; stabilizes shoulder
anteriorly; elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inspiration when scapula is fixed |
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Pectoralis Major Innervation
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Innervation: lateral and medial pectoral nerves
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Pectoralis Origin
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Origin: medial 2/3 of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage of ribs 1-6
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Pectoralis Insertion
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Insertion: bicipital groove and greater tubercle of humerus
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Pectoralis Action
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Action: flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of the arm
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Deltoid Innervation
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Axillary Nerve
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Deltoid Insertion
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Deltoid Tuberosity
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Deltoid Anterior Origin
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Origin: lateral 1/3 of clavicle
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Deltoid Anterior Action
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Action: abduction, flexion, medial rotation of the arm
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Deltoid Middle Origin
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Origin: acromion process
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Deltoid Middle Action
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Action: abducts the arm
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Deltoid Posterior Origin
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Origin: spine of scapula
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Deltoid Posterior Action
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Action: abduction, extension, lateral rotation of the arm
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Supraspinatus Innervation
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Innervation: suprascapular nerve
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Supraspinatus Origin
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Origin: supraspinous fossa
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Supraspinatus Insertion
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Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus
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Supraspinatus Action
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Action: initial abduction of the arm
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Infraspinatus
Innervation |
Innervation: suprascapular nerve
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Infraspinatus Origin
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Origin: infraspinous fossa
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Infraspinatus Insertion
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Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus
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Infraspinatus Action
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Action: lateral rotation and adduction of the arm
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Teres Minor Innervation
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Innervation: axillary nerve
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Teres Minor Origin
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Origin: superior 2/3 of lateral border of scapula
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Teres Minor Insertion
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Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus
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Teres Minor Action
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Action: lateral rotation, adduction, and extension of the arm
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Subscapularis Innervation
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Innervation: upper and lower subscapular nerves
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Subscapularis Origin
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Origin: subscapular fossa (anterior or costal surface) of the scapula
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Subscapularis Insertion
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Insertion: lesser tuberosity of humerus
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Subscapularis Action
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Action: medial rotation of the arm
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Teres Major Innervation
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Innervation: lower subscapular nerve
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Terres Major Origin
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Origin: inferior angle and inferior 1/3 of lateral border of scapula
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Terres Major Insertion
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Insertion: bicipital groove of humerus
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Terres Major Action
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Action: adduction, extension, medial rotation of the arm
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Latissimus Dorsi
Innervation |
Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
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Latissimus Dorsi Origin
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Origin: spinous processes of T7-L5, iliac crest, posterior superior surface
of sacrum, all via the thoracolumbar fascia; lower 3-4 ribs |
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Latissimus Dorsi Insertion
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Insertion: bicipital groove of humerus
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Latissimus Dorsi Action
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Action: adduction, extension, medial rotation of the arm
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Triceps Brachii Innervation
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Innervation: radial nerve
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Triceps Brachii Origin
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Origin:
Long Head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Lateral Head: superior 1/2 of posterior lateral humerus Medial Head: inferior 2/3 of posterior humerus |
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Triceps Brachii Insertion
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nsertion: olecranon process of ulna
|
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Triceps Brachii Action
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Action: extension of the forearm; long head also extends and adducts the
arm |
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Biceps Brachii
Innervation: |
musculocutaneous nerve
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Biceps Brachii Long Head Origin
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Origin: Long Head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
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Biceps Brachii Short Head Origin
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Short Head: coracoid process of the scapula
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Biceps Brachii Insertion:
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Insertion: radial tuberosity, bicipital aponeurosis
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Biceps Brachii Action:
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Action: flexion and supination of the forearm, flexion of arm
Short Head: also adducts arm |
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Coracobrachialis Innervation:
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musculocutaneous nerve
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Coracobrachialis Origin:
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Origin: coracoid process of scapula
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Coracobrachialis Insertion:
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Insertion: middle of medial shaft of humerus
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Coracobrachialis Action:
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Action: flexion and adduction of the arm
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Brachialis Innervation:
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Innervation: musculocutaneous and radial nerves
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Brachialis Origin:
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Origin: distal 1/2 of anterior humerus
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Brachialis Insertion:
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Insertion: ulnar coronoid process and tuberosity
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Brachialis Action:
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Action: flexion of forearm
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Anconeus Innervation
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radial nerve
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Anconeus Origin:
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Origin: lateral humeral epicondyle
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Anconeus Insertion:
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Insertion: olecranon and posterior proximal ulna
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Anconeus Action:
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Action: extension of the forearm
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Supinator Innervation:
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deep radial nerve
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Supinator Origin:
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Origin: lateral humeral epicondyle, proximal ulna
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Supinator Insertion:
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Insertion: anterolateral proximal 1/3 of radius
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Supinator Action:
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Action: supination of the forearm
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Brachioradialis Innervation:
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radial nerve
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Brachioradialis Origin:
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Origin: lateral humeral supracondylar ridge
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Brachioradialis Insertion:
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Insertion: radial styloid process
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Brachioradialis Action:
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Action: flexion of forearm, half supination and half pronation of forearm
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Pronator Teres Innervation:
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median nerve
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Pronator Teres Origin:
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Origin: medial humeral epicondyle, ulnar coronoid process
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Pronator Teres Insertion:
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Insertion: midlateral radius
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Pronator Teres Action:
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Action: flexion and pronation of forearm
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Flexor Carpi Radialis Innervation:
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median nerve
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Flexor Carpi Radialis Origin:
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Origin: medial humeral epicondyle
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Flexor Carpi Radialis Insertion:
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Insertion: anterior bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
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Flexor Carpi Radialis Action:
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Action: flexion and abduction (radial deviation) of the hand
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Palmaris Longus
Innervation: |
median nerve
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Palmaris Longus Origin:
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Origin: medial humeral epicondyle
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Palmaris Longus Insertion:
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Insertion: palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum
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Palmaris Longus Action:
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Action: flexion of hand
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Innervation: |
median nerve
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Origin:
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Origin: medial humeral epicondyle, ulnar coronoid process, middle of
anterior radius |
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Insertion:
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Insertion: 4 tendons that split to allow passage of flexor digitorum
profundus tendons and insert on the sides of the middle phalanx of each finger |
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Action:
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Action: flexion of the middle phalanx of each finger and flexion of the
proximal phalanges and hand by its continued action |
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Innervation: |
ulnar nerve
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Origin:
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Origin: medial humeral epicondyle, proximal posterior ulna
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Insertion:
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Insertion: pisiform, hamate, anterior base of 5th metacarpa
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Action:
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Action: flexion and adduction (ulnar deviation) of the hand
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Innervation:
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radial nerve
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Origin:
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Origin: lateral humeral epicondyle and lateral humeral supracondylar ridge
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Insertion:
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Insertion: posterior base of 2nd metacarpal
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Action:
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Action: extension and abduction (radial deviation) of wrist
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Innervation: |
deep radial nerve
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Origin:
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Origin: lateral humeral epicondyle
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Insertion:
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Insertion: posterior base of 3rd metacarpal
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Action:
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Action: extension and abduction (radial deviation) of wrist
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Extensor Digitorum
Innervation: |
posterior interosseous nerve (radial nerve)
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Extensor Digitorum Origin:
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Origin: lateral humeral epicondyle
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Extensor Digitorum Insertion:
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Insertion: posterior 2nd-5th middle and distal phalanges
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Extensor Digitorum Action:
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Action: extends 2nd-5th middle and distal phalanges and extends 2nd-5th
proximal phalanges and hand by continued action |
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Innervation: |
posterior interosseous nerve (radial nerve)
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Origin:
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Origin: lateral humeral epicondyle and proximal posterior ulna
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Insertion:
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Insertion: posterior base of 5th metacarpal
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Action:
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Action: extension and adduction (ulnar deviation) of the hand
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MEDIAL FEMORAL
CONDYLE |
Move your thumb that is on the
medial side of the patella superiorly *(also lateral one) |
|
MEDIAL
FEMORAL EPICONDYLE |
Palpate to the superior medial bulge of the medial femoral condyle *(also lateral one
|
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ADDUCTOR TUBERCLE
|
Now palpate to the superior posterior edge of the
epicondyle and you will feel a prominence /// between the vastus medialis and the semimembranosus muscles. *insertion of the adductor magnus muscle. |
|
ANTERIOR PROMINENCE OF THE LATERAL FEMORAL CONDYLE.
|
Move your thumb
anteriorly until it is just lateral to the patella. With your partner’s leg relaxed, extend it slightly and palpate the bony prominence just lateral to the patella |
|
TROCHLEAR GROOVE.
|
With both thumbs next to the patella again, move superiorly along both femoral condyles until you are at the highest point of each edge of the patella. Slightly superior to the patella, palpate toward the midline until you reach a depression
|
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MEDIAL TIBIAL PLATEAU.
|
Press your thumb that is on the medial side of the patella inferiorly and you
will feel a ledge of bone |
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MEDIAL TIBIAL CONDYLE.
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Continue palpating inferiorly from medial tibial tubercle and you will palpate over a bulge of bone
|
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LATERAL TIBIAL PLATEAU
|
Press your thumb that is on the lateral side of the patella inferiorly and you will
feel a ledge of bone, |
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LATERAL TIBIAL TUBERCLE.
|
Continue palpating inferiorly on the antero-lateral surface of the tibia. Immediately inferior to the plateau is a large prominence
|
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LATERAL TIBIAL CONDYLE
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Palpate laterally from lateral tibial tubercle and you will palpate over a bulge of bone
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TIBIAL TUBEROSITY, or TUBERCLE
|
Move your thumbs toward the midline of the patella until the tips of your thumbs
touch. Now move them inferiorly until they palpate over a bulge of bone on the anterior proximal surface of the tibia |
|
ANTERIOR SUPERIOR TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT, or the PROXIMAL
TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT. |
Palpate anteriorly from the head of the fibula
(head of fibula: lateral bulge that is approximately level with the tibial tuberosity) |
|
Quadriceps Femoris muscles are...
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rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius.
|
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quadriceps tendon
|
With your partner sitting on a table with the knee flexed to 90o and the leg hanging freely, palpate just superior to the patella
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Rectus Femoris
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Innervation: femoral nerve
Origin: AIIS Insertion: tibial tuberosity Action: flexion of the thigh, extension of the leg |
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Vastus Medialis
|
Innervation: femoral nerve
Origin: linea aspera and distal, medial aspect of the femur Insertion: tibial tuberosity Action: extension of the leg |
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Vastus Lateralis
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Innervation: femoral nerve
Origin: greater trochanter and linea aspera of the femur Insertion: tibial tuberosity Action: extension of the leg |
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Vastus Intermedius
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Innervation: femoral nerve
Origin: proximal 2/3 of the anterior and lateral femur Insertion: tibial tuberosity Action: extension of the leg |
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Adductor Magnus
|
Innervation: obturator nerve, sciatic nerve (tibial portion)
Origin: inferior ramus of the pubis and ischium and the ischial tuberosity Insertion: linea aspera, medial supracondylar ridge, and adductor tubercle of femur Action: adduction of the thigh; anterior fibers from the inferior ramus of the pubis also flex and medially rotate the thigh; posterior fibers from the ramus of the ischium and the ischial tuberosity extend and laterally rotate the thigh |
|
Adductor Magnus tendon palpation...
|
Palpate
the medial femoral condyle with its superior prominence, the adductor tubercle. You can palpate the tendon of the adductor magnus muscle as it inserts onto the adductor tubercle. |
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Sartorius
|
Innervation: femoral nerve
Origin: ASIS Insertion: proximal, medial tibial shaft just inferior to the medial tibial condyle Action: flexion, lateral rotation, and abduction of the thigh; flexion and medial rotation of the leg |
|
Sartorius tendon palpation
|
With your partner’s leg hanging freely, resist further flexion of the leg and palpate just posterior to the medial tibial condyle. You will feel several tendons in this area. The sartorius is the most anterior of these tendons.
|
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Gracilis
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Innervation: obturator nerve
Origin: pubic symphysis and arch Insertion: proximal, medial tibial shaft just inferior to the medial tibial condyle Action: adduction and medial rotation of the thigh; flexion and medial rotation of the leg |
|
Gracilis tendon palpation
|
With your partner’s leg hanging freely, resist further flexion of
the leg and palpate just posterior to the medial tibial condyle. Its tendon is just posterior to the sartorius (the most anterior one) |
|
Semitendinosus
|
Origin: ischial tuberosity (common tendinous origin with the long head of the biceps)
Insertion: proximal, medial tibial shaft just inferior to the medial tibial condyle Action: extension of the thigh with some adduction and medial rotation; flexion and medial rotation of the leg |
|
Semitendinosus tendon palpation
|
It is the most posterior of the tendons that
are palpated posterior to the medial tibial condyle. |
|
Semimembranosus
|
Innervation: sciatic nerve (tibial portion)
Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: postero-medial aspect of the medial tibial condyle Action: extension of the thigh with some adduction and medial rotation; flexion and medial rotation of the leg Palpation: The semimembranosus is palpated |
|
Semimembranosus tendon palpation
|
It is palpated by placing your fingers anterior to the semitendinosus muscle (most posterior of tendons) at the level of the superior edge of the medial tibial condyle.
|
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Biceps Femoris
|
Innervation:
Long head: sciatic nerve (tibial portion) Short head: sciatic nerve (common peroneal portion) Origin: Long head: ischial tuberosity Short head: middle 1/3 of the linea aspera of the femur Insertion: Both heads: head of fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia Action: Long head: extension with some lateral rotation of the thigh Both heads: flexion and lateral rotation of the leg |
|
Biceps Femoris tendon
|
Palpate just posterior and superior to the head of the fibula and you will feel a thick tendon on the postero-lateral aspect of the knee going to the fibular head
|
|
Gastrocnemius innervation
|
tibial nerve
|
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Gastrocnemius origin
|
posterior aspect of medial and lateral femoral condyles
|
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Gastrocnemius insertion
|
calcaneus via the calcaneal, or Achilles, tendon
|
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Gastrocnemius action
|
plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the leg
|
|
Gastrocnemius palpation
|
The gastrocnemius is the most superficial of the posterior leg muscles. plantar flex the foot against resistance and you will see the gastrocnemius muscle contract in the posterior leg. Palpate the superior portion of the posterior leg and the posterior portion of the femoral condyles. You will feel the lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius as they originate on the posterior femoral condyles
|
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Soleus innervation
|
tibial nerve
|
|
Soleus origin
|
posterior surface of the head and proximal 1/3 of the shaft of the
fibula; soleal line and middle 1/3 of the postero-medial border of the tibia |
|
Soleus insertion
|
calcaneus via the calcaneal, or Achilles, tendon
|
|
Soleus action
|
plantar flexion of the foot
|
|
Soleus palpation
|
The soleus lies deep to the gastrocnemius muscle. In the superior portion of the posterior leg, it is not palpable as a separate muscle. We will return to its palpation when we palpate the leg and ankle. The soleus and gastrocnemius muscles share the calcaneal tendon and together are called the TRICEPS SURAE.
|
|
Plantaris innervation
|
tibial nerve
|
|
Plantaris origin
|
inferior posterior portion of the lateral supracondylar line of the femur
|
|
Plantaris insertion
|
calcaneus, medial to the calcaneal tendon
|
|
Plantaris action
|
plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the leg
|
|
Plantaris palpation
|
The plantaris is deep to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius
at the posterior lateral femoral condyle. Its tendon goes across the superior medial edge of the soleus, between the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, and along the medial edge of the calcaneal tendon. When you palpate the origin of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, you are palpating over the plantaris muscle belly. |
|
Popliteus innervation
|
tibial nerve
|
|
Popliteus origin
|
posterior lateral condyle of the femur
|
|
Popliteus insertion
|
postero-medial surface of the tibia superior to the soleal line
|
|
Popliteus action
|
flexion and medial rotation of the leg; brings the knee out of full extension
|
|
Popliteus palpation
|
The popliteus muscle is deep to the gastrocnemius, soleus, and
plantaris muscles and is not palpable. |
|
ADDUCTOR CANAL
|
femoral vessels pass thru this
*Palpate the middle 1/3 of the antero-medial thigh. In this area, deep to the sartorius and vastus medialis muscles and superficial to the adductor longus muscle |
|
ADDUCTOR HIATUS
|
At the distal end of the adductor canal, the vessels pass through an opening in the adductor magnus muscle close to the femur. This hiatus is located approximately 10 cm superior to the knee on the medial side of the femur. When the femoral vessels go from anterior to posterior through the adductor hiatus, they become the popliteal vessels.
|
|
SUPRAPATELLAR BURSA
|
Deep to the quadriceps tendon
|
|
PREPATELLAR BURSA
|
Superficial to the patella
|
|
PATELLAR LIGAMENT or INFRAPATELLAR TENDON
|
goes from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It is a continuation of the quadriceps tendon
|
|
SUPERFICIAL INFRAPATELLAR BURSA.
|
Superficial to the patellar ligament
|
|
DEEP INFRAPATELLAR BURSA
|
Deep to the patellar ligament
|
|
ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
|
goes from the anterior portion of the tibial
plateau between the medial and lateral menisci to the medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle |
|
POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
|
goes from the
posterior portion of the proximal tibia between the tibial condyles and posterior to the medial and lateral menisci to the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle |
|
MEDIAL MENISCUS
|
cup-shaped cartilaginous structure that is located on the superior edge of the medial tibial plateau. attached to plateau by CORONARY LIGAMENTS (non palpable) Keeping your thumb in the area of the junction of the medial femoral condyle and the medial tibial plateau, use your other hand to medially rotate the leg while you palpate deeply into the superior edge of the medial tibial plateau.On medial rotation of the leg, the medial meniscus will become prominent and you will feel a tightening, or a bulging, against your thumb. On lateral rotation of the leg, the tightening or bulging will disappear
|
|
MEDIAL COLLATERAL
LIGAMENT |
Beginning with your thumb still in the depression between the medial femoral condyle and the medial tibial plateau, move your thumb medially and posteriorly along the joint line. As you reach the medial aspect of the knee, the joint line will become less distinct... on MCL (This ligament is a broad, fan-shaped structure that goes from the medial femoral epicondyle to the medial inferior edge of the medial tibial condyle)
|
|
PES ANSERINE
|
proximal medial tibial shaft just inferior to the medial tibial condyle... area of insertion of the sartorius (most ant), gracilis (middle), and semitendinosus (most inf and post)
|
|
The PES
ANSERINE BURSA |
lies between tendons and the tibia (non palpable unless inflamed)
|
|
LATERAL MENISCUS
|
cup-shaped cartilaginous structure that is located on the superior edge of the lateral tibial plateau (attached to plateau by coronary ligaments)
*bring the leg into slight flexion while you palpate deeply into the superior edge of the lateral tibial plateau. The lateral meniscus will become prominent and you will feel a tightening, or a bulging, against your thumb. On full extension of the leg, the tightening or bulging will disappear |
|
LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
|
Have your partner cross the legs so that the ankle rests on the opposite knee... LCL is a tight cord-like structure, that goes from the lateral femoral condyle to the fibular head.
|
|
ILIOTIBIAL TRACT
|
a long thick band of fascia, can be palpated on the antero-lateral aspect of the knee at its insertion onto the lateral tibial tubercle, the lateral tibial condyle, and the fibular head. Have your partner either extend the leg or flex the leg against resistance. The iliotibial tract is most easily palpated just lateral to the superior edge of the patella
|
|
ANTERIOR SUPERIOR
TIBIOFIBULAR LIGAMENT, or the ANTERIOR LIGAMENT OF THE HEAD OF THE FIBULA |
between the tibia and the head of the fibula, just anterior and medial to the fibular head
|
|
COMMON PERONEAL NERVE
|
Palpate inferior to the head of the fibula and the insertion of the biceps femoris muscle and you will feel a cord-like structure wrapping around the fibular head (branch of sciatic nerve)
|
|
POPLITEAL FOSSA
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*biceps femoris tendon forms lateral and superior lateral border of the popliteal fossa
*semitendinosus + semimembranosus form the medial and superior medial border of the popliteal fossa *medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle as they originate on the posterior femoral condyles (inferior border) |
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Three structures bisect the popliteal fossa vertically
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POPLITEAL ARTERY,
the POPLITEAL VEIN, and the TIBIAL NERVE |
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POPLITEAL ARTERY,
the POPLITEAL VEIN |
continuations of the femoral artery and vein, respectively.
*pop artery: enters the popliteal fossa from the superior medial portion and travels down the midline of the popliteal fossa. *pop vein: Immediately lateral to the popliteal artery |
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TIBIAL NERVE
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one of the two branches of the sciatic nerve (common peroneal is other branch)
*tibal nerve just lateral to poplitial vein (cord-like structure just lateral to the midline of the popliteal fossa) |
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nerves do ____ at superior portion of popliteal fossa
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the sciatic nerve divides into the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve
*tibial: continues down the posterior aspect of the popliteal fossa. *common peroneal: continues inferiorly and laterally deep to the biceps femoris muscle and can be palpated by palpating deep to the medial edge of the biceps femoris muscle and following it inferiorly. It will be palpable as a cord-like structure medial and deep to the biceps tendon as it crosses the knee. You can continue its palpation as it wraps around the head of the fibula |
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The MEDIAL
LONGITUDINAL ARCH OF THE FOOT |
abnormally high (PES CAVUS) or absent (PES
PLANUS) |
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CALCANEUS
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*from achilles, move inferiorly, feel superior portion of bulge of calcaneous - DOME
*medial plantar side - medial tubercle/process *lateral plantar side - lateral tubercle/process *posterior bulge: calcaneal tuberosity |
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SUSTENTACULUM TALI
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the medial support of the talus, palpate inf. from medial malleolus about 1-2 finger breadths
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PERONEAL TUBERCLE
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inf and slightly ant to lateral malleolus (bulge separating tendons of peroneus longus and brevis)
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SINUS TARSI
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depression just anterior to lateral malleolus
(palpate directly in to feel superior aspect of calcaneus, possibly the CALCANEO CUBOID JOINT - approx 2/3 of way from lat. malleolus to base of 5th metatarsal. |
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TALUS + MEDIAL TUBERCLE
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sup. to calcaneus btwn two malleoli MEDIAL TUBERCLE: inf. and sl. post. to medial malleolus, sml bulge
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HEAD OF TALUS
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HEAD: sl. inf. and distal to medial malleolus into depression. Evert foot to feel
(approx. 1/2 btwn ant. tip of medial mall and navicular bone |
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NECK of TALUS
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palpate into the sinus tarsi. Invert the foot and palpate more deeply and medially into the sinus tarsi
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DOME OF TALUS
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With the foot still inverted and your finger still palpating in the sinus tarsi, plantar flex the foot and you may feel the DOME of the talus push against your finger
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INFERIOR TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT, or
the DISTAL TIBIOFIBULAR SYNDESMOSIS, |
from anterior surface of the lateral malleolus, palpate medially
(btwn tibia and fibula) |
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NAVICULAR TUBEROSITY
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from head of the talus palpate distally and inferiorly
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1ST (MEDIAL) CUNEIFORM
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just distal to navicular bone, articulates with the navicular bone and the base of the 1st metatarsal.
*at distal end palpate 1ST METATARSOCUNEIFORM JOINT, |
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2ND (INTERMEDIATE) CUNEIFORM
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just lateral to 1st cuneiform
*articulates with the navicular bone and the base of the 2nd metatarsal |
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3RD (LATERAL) CUNEIFORM
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just lateral to 2nd cuneiform
*It articulates with the navicular bone and the base of the 3rd metatarsal |
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3 finger trick pointing toward and extending over the medial side of foot
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index: over talus
middle: over navicular ring: over cuneiform bones |
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CUBOID
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slightly distal and laterally to sinus tarsi
*invert foot to see sml. prominence distal and inferior to lateral maleolus (CUBOID TUBERCLE) + immediately inferior to it is CUBOID SULCUS or groove (on lateral and plantar surfaces of cuboid bone formed by tendon of peroneus longs as it travels to plantar surface foot |
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metatarsals
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BASE
SHAFT HEAD *base of first metatarsal often highest point on foot *1/2 inch prox and lateral - base of 2nd *move horizontal/lateral for rest |
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TUBEROSITY OF THE BASE OF THE 5TH METATARSAL
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sometimes called styloid process of 5th metatarsal. just distal to cuboid (lateral foot)
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phalanges
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proximal, intermediate, distal
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metatarsophalangeal (MP joints)
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btwn head of each metatarsal and base of each proximal phalanx
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PIP
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proximal interphalangeal joint
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DIP
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distal interphalangeal joint
*great toe only has proximal and distal phalanx: so only has an interphalangeal (IP joint) |
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SUPERFICIAL POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT muscles are...
+ innervation? |
gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris
*innervated by the tibial nerve and all act to plantar flex the foot |
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DEEP POSTERIOR
COMPARTMENT muscles are... + innervation? |
popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus
*innervated by the tibial nerve and all, except the popliteus, plantar flex and invert the foot |
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ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT muscles are...
+ innervation? |
tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis
longus, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius * innervated by the deep peroneal nerve and all act to dorsiflex the foot |
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LATERAL COMPARTMENT muscles are...
+ innervation? |
peroneus longus and peroneus
brevis. *innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve and plantar flex and evert the foot. |
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dorsal muscles of foot are...
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extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis
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plantar muscles of the foot are divided into four layers...
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abductor hallucis,flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi, and the dorsal interossei
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Gastrocnemius innervation
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tibial nerve
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Gastrocnemius origin/insertion
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O: posterior aspect of medial and lateral femoral condyles
I: calcaneus via the calcaneal, or Achilles, tendon |
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Gastrocnemius action
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plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the leg
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Soleus innervation
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tibal nerve
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Soleus origin/insertion
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O: posterior surface of the head and proximal 1/3 of the shaft of the fibula; soleal line and middle 1/3 of the postero-medial border of the tibia
I: calcaneus via the calcaneal, or Achilles, tendon *action: plantar flexion of foot |
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Soleus action
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plantar flexion of the foot
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Plantaris innervation
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tibial nerve
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Plantaris origin/insertion
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O: inferior posterior portion of the lateral supracondylar line of the femur
I: calcaneus, medial to the calcaneal tendon |
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Plantaris action:
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plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the leg
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Popliteus
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Innervation: tibial nerve
Origin: posterior lateral condyle of the femur Insertion: postero-medial surface of the tibia superior to the soleal line Action: flexion and medial rotation of the leg; brings the knee out of full extension NOT PALPABLE |
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Tibialis Posterior innervation
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tibial nerve
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Tibialis Posterior origin/insertion
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O: posterior surface of tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane
I: navicular tuberosity; plantar surfaces of all tarsal bones except the talus; plantar surfaces of the bases of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals *action: plantar flexion, inversion of foot; support arch |
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Tibialis Posterior action
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plantar flexion, inversion of the foot; supports the arch
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Flexor Digitorum Longus innervation
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tibial nerve
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Flexor Digitorum Longus origin/insertion
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O: distal 2/3 of posterior fibula and interosseous membrane
I: plantar surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe *action: plantar flexion of great toe and foot; inversion foot |
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Flexor Digitorum Longus action
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plantar flexion of great toe and foot; inversion foot
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Tibialis Anterior innervation
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deep peroneal nerve
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Tibialis Anterior origin/insertion
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O: lateral condyle of the tibia; proximal 2/3 of lateral surface of the tibia; interosseous membrane
I: plantar surface of the base of the 1st metatarsal; medial plantar surface of 1st cuneiform *action: dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot |
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Tibialis Anterior action
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dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot
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Extensor Hallucis Longus innervation
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deep peroneal nerve
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Extensor Hallucis Longus origin/insertion
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O: middle 1/2 of anterior fibula; interosseous membrane
I: dorsum of base of distal phalanx of the great toe *action: dorsiflexion, or extension, of the great toe; dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot |
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Extensor Hallucis Longus action
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dorsiflexion, or extension, of the great toe; dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot
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Extensor Digitorum Longus innervation
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deep peroneal nerve
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Extensor Digitorum Longus origin/insertion
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O: lateral condyle of tibia; anterior head and shaft of fibula; interosseous membrane
I:dorsum of middle and distal phalanges of lesser toes *action: dorsiflexion, or extension, of lesser toes; dorsiflexion and eversion of foot |
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Extensor Digitorum Longus action
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dorsiflexion, or extension, of lesser toes; dorsiflexion and eversion of foot
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Peroneus Tertius innervation
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deep peroneal nerve
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Peroneus Tertius origin/insertion
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O: distal 1/3 of anterior fibula and interosseous membrane
I:dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal *action: dorsiflexion and eversion of foot |
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Peroneus Tertius action
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dorsiflexion and eversion of foot
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Peroneus Longus innervation
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superficial peroneal nerve
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Peroneus Longus origin/insertion
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O: head and proximal 2/3 of lateral shaft of fibula; lateral condyle of tibia
I: lateral plantar surface of 1st cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal *action: plantar flexion and eversion of the foot |
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Peroneus Longus action
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plantar flexion and eversion of the foot
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Peroneus Brevis innervation
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superficial peroneal nerve
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Peroneus Brevis origin/insertion
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O: distal 2/3 of lateral shaft of fibula
I: tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal *action: plantar flexion and eversion of the foot |
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Peroneus Brevis action
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plantar flexion and eversion of the foot
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Extensor Digitorum Brevis innervation
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deep peroneal nerve
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Extensor Digitorum Brevis origin/insertion
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O:distal lateral surface of the calcaneus
I:lateral sides of the tendons of extensor digitorum longus of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th toes *action: dorsiflexion, or extension, of toes 2-4 |
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Extensor Digitorum Brevis action
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dorsiflexion, or extension, of toes 2-4
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Extensor Hallucis Brevis innervation
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deep peroneal nerve
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Extensor Hallucis Brevis origin/insertion
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O: distal medial surface of the calcaneus
I: dorsum of base of proximal phalanx of the great toe *action: dorsiflexion, or extension, of the great toe |
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Extensor Hallucis Brevis action
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dorsiflexion, or extension, of the great toe
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Abductor Hallucis innervation
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medial plantar nerve
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Abductor Hallucis origin/insertion
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O: medial tuberosity of the calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis
I: medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe *action: abduction of the great toe from the midline of the foot |
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Abductor Hallucis action
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abduction of the great toe from the midline of the foot
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Flexor Digitorum Brevis innervation
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medial plantar nerve
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Flexor Digitorum Brevis origin/insertion
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O: medial tuberosity of the calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis
I: plantar surface of middle phalanges of lesser toes *action: plantar flexes, or flexes, the lesser toes |
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Flexor Digitorum Brevis action
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plantar flexes, or flexes, the lesser toes
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Abductor Digiti Minimi innervation
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lateral plantar nerve
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Abductor Digiti Minimi origin/insertion
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O: lateral tuberosity of the calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis
I: lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th toe *action: abduction of the 5th toe from the midline of the foot |
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Abductor Digiti Minimi action
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abduction of the 5th toe from the midline of the foot
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Dorsal Interossei innervation
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lateral plantar nerve
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Dorsal Interossei origin/insertion
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O:adjacent sides of the metatarsals
I: both sides of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd toe; lateral side of the proximal phalanges of the 3rd and 4th toes *action: abduction of toes |
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Dorsal Interossei action
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abduction of toes
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SMALL, or SHORT, SAPHENOUS VEIN
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On the midline of the posterior leg, coming from the inferior posterior aspect of the lateral malleolus. At this point, it comes from the dorsal venous arch and at the popliteal crease, it goes deep to join with the popliteal vein
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SURAL NERVE
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On the lateral side of the small saphenous vein, thin string-like structure, travels w/ sml saphenous vein to post. inf. aspect lateral malleolus. In popliteal fossa tibal nerve branches into server nerves, includes the sural which supplies sensation to post. lat. leg and lateral foot
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RETROCALCANEAL BURSA
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Between the calcaneus
and the achilles (calcaneal) tendon |
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CALCANEAL BURSA
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Between the achilles tendon and the skin
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Structures posterior to medial malleolus
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tom, dick AN harry: anterior to posterior
Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibial artery, tibial nerve, flexor hallucis longus (usu. not palpable) |
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main blood supply to foot
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posterior tibial artery
(approx. 5 cm inf. and post. to tibial plateau the popliteal artery divides into anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery (then goes into sustentaculum tali and divides into medial and lateral plantar arteries) |
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DELTOID LIGAMENT
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medial collateral ligament of the ankle
*goes from the inferior portion of the medial malleolus anteriorly and inferiorly to the medial portion of the navicular bone, posteriorly and inferiorly to the medial portion of the sustentaculum tali, and then connects superiorly from the sustentaculum tali to the posterior portion of the medial malleolus |
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SPRING LIGAMENT
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Along with the tibialis posterior tendon,supports the head of the talus. It is palpated from the plantar surface of the navicular to the plantar surface of the sustentaculum tali
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GREAT, or LONG, SAPHENOUS VEIN.
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Immediately anterior to the medial malleolus,
*Palpate this vein as it comes from the dorsal venous arch, travels anterior to the medial malleolus, posterior to the tibia, posterior to the tibial and femoral condyles, posterior to the sartorius muscle in the thigh, and into the femoral vein through the saphenous opening |
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SUPERIOR
EXTENSOR RETINACULUM, or TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT OF THE ANKLE and INFERIOR EXTENSOR RETINACULUM, or the CRUCIATE LIGAMENT OF THE ANKLE |
anterior surface of the ankle approximately level with the malleoli, the tendons of the anterior compartment muscles are held down by these ligaments
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ANTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY
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popliteal artery divides, ant. tibial artery comes down anteriorly between the tibia and fibula and courses inferiorly down the leg between the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
*It may be palpable just superior to the superior extensor retinaculum and lateral to the tibialis anterior tendon. |
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DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERY
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As the anterior
tibial artery passes under the superior and inferior extensor retinacula, it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery *palpable on dorsal surface of foot btwn tendons of the extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus |
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DEEP PLANTAR ARTERY
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The dorsalis pedis artery continues between the 1st and 2nd metatarsals where it goes deep into the sole to become
deep plantar artery which joints lateral plantar artery and forms the plantar arch |
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COMMON PERONEAL NERVE
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wraps around head of fibula
Just ant. and inf. to head GB 34, common peroneal divides into deep peroneal nerve and superficial peroneal nerve down the leg *It continues anterior to the lateral malleolus and supplies most of the dorsum of the foot. Here it has divided into two superficial nerves, the DORSAL medial cutaneous and dorsal intermediate cutaneous nerves |
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ANTERIOR INFERIOR
TIBIOFIBULAR LIGAMENT |
palpate the inferior tibiofibular joint between the distal tibia and fibula, over the joint is ant. inf. tibiofibular ligament
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ANTERIOR TALOFIBULAR LIGAMENT
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The anterior talofibular ligament travels from the anterior portion of the lateral
malleolus to the lateral portion of the talar neck. Palpate from the anterior lateral malleolus to the sinus tarsi and you will be palpating over this ligament. |
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CALCANEOFIBULAR LIGAMENT,
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The calcaneofibular ligament travels from the inferior portion of the lateral malleolus inferiorly to the calcaneus slightly posterior to the peroneal tubercle. Palpate inferior to the lateral malleolus and you will be palpating over this ligament.
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POSTERIOR TALOFIBULAR
LIGAMENT |
The posterior talofibular ligament travels from the posterior portion of the lateral
malleolus to the lateral tubercle on the posterior portion of the talus. Palpate immediately posterior and inferior to the lateral malleolus and you will be palpating over this ligament. |
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PLANTAR APONEUROSIS, or PLANTAR FASCIA
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sole of foot/plantar surface
*It travels from the medial tuberosity of the calcaneus to the proximal plantar surface of each toe. |
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Platysma
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OR: subcutaneous tissue over thorax, dwn to 2nd intercost. sp.
IS: mandible Action: depresses mandible, pullls crnr of mouth downward IN: facial nerve (crtanial Vii) |
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Mylohyoid
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OR: mandible
IN: hyoid bone AC: elevates hyoid bone, depresses mandible IV: mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (c: v) |
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Sternohyoid
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OR: clavicle, manubrium of sternum
IN: hyoid bone Ac: depresses hyoid IV: ansa cervicalis |
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Sternocleidomastoid
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OR: clavicle, manubrium of sternum
IN: mastoid process Ac: bilat: flexion of cervical vertebral column, ant. motion of head, elevation of chin unilateral: ipsilateral flexion of head, contralateral rotation of head IV: spinal accessory (cn: XI) |
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Scalenes
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OR: transverse processes of c2-7
IN: 1st & 2nd ribs Ac: bilat: flexion of the neck, elevation of the 1st & 2nd ribs unilateral - ipsilateral lateral flexion of neck, contralateral rotation of neck Iv: cervical nerves 3-8 |
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Splenius Capitis
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Or: lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-t4
In: lateral 1/3 of sup. nucal line, mastoid process ac: bilat: extension of head and neck Unilat: ipsilateral lateral flexion of neck, ipsilateral rotation of head Iv: middle cervical nerves |
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Orbicularis Oculi
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Location: encircles eye
Action: closes eye |
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Corrugator Supercilii
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Location: eyebrow
Action: draws eyebrow downward and medially as in frowning |
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Procerus
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Location: root of nose
Action: draws skin of forehead down |
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Orbicularis Oris
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Location: encircles mouth
Action: closes, protrudes, and shapes lips as in kissing and speaking |
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Levator Labii Superioris
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Location: upper lip
Action: raises upper lip |
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Zygomaticus Major and Minor
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Location: infraorbital region
Action: raises corner of mouth and draws it laterally as in smiling and laughing |
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Risorius
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Location: corner of mouth
Action: draws corner of mouth laterally |
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Levator Anguli Oris
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Location: superior to corner of mouth
Action: draws corner of mouth upward |
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Depressor Anguli Oris
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Location: inferior to corner of mouth
Action: draws corner of mouth downward |
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Depressor Labii Inferioris
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Location: lower lip
Action: draws lower lip downward |
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Mentalis
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Location: chin
Action: pushes lower lip outward as in pouting |
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Buccinator
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Location: cheek
Action: pulls lips and cheeks against teeth |
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Masseter
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Innervation: mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)
Origin: maxilla and zygomatic arch Insertion: angle and ramus of mandible Action: elevates and protracts mandible, assists in lateral movement of mandible |
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Temporalis
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Innervation: mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)
Origin: temporal fossa - portions of the parietal, temporal, sphenoid, and frontal bones Insertion: coronoid process of mandible Action: elevates and retracts mandible, assists in lateral movement of mandible |
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Lungs location...
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*begins 3 cm superior to the medial 1/3 of the clavicle. Its medial border goes inferiorly almost to the midline at the sternal angle. It then turns laterally away from the midline at the 6th costal cartilage on the right and the 4th costal
cartilage on the left due to the heart. *The inferior border of the lungs is located level with the 6th rib in the mid-clavicular line, the 8th rib in the mid-axillary line, and the 10th rib posteriorly. ***Focus most likely just on the RIGHT lung |
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The PLEURAL CAVITY
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location is similar to each lung, but its lower border is 2 ribs more inferior than that of the lungs. Therefore, its inferior border is level with the 8th rib in the mid-clavicular line, the 10th rib in the mid-axillary line, and the 12th rib posteriorly.
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VENA CAVAL HIATUS,
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through which the inferior vena cava passes, is level with T8,
***1 cm to the right and 1-2 cm superior to the xiphisternal joint. |
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ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS
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through which passes the esophagus, is level with T10
*** 2-3 cm to the left of the midline, posterior to the 6th costal cartilage. |
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AORTIC HIATUS,
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through which passes the aorta
* 7-8 cm inferior to the xiphisternal joint. |
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Rectus Abdominis
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Innervation: thoracic nerves 7-12
Origin: symphysis pubis, pubic crest Insertion: costal cartilages 5-7, xiphoid process Action: flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen |
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External Abdominal Oblique
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Innervation: thoracic nerves 7-12, iliohypogastric nerve
Origin: ribs 5-12 Insertion: iliac crest, linea alba; Its inferior fibers fold back on themselves posteriorly and attach from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle to form the INGUINAL LIGAMENT. Action: flexion, ipsilateral lateral flexion, & contralateral rotation of the vertebral column; compresses abdomen |
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Internal Abdominal Oblique
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Innervation: thoracic nerves 8-12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
Origin: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia Insertion: costal cartilage of ribs 8-10, linea alba Action: flexion, ipsilateral lateral flexion, & ipsilateral rotation of the vertebral column, compresses abdomen |
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Transversus Abdominis
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Innervation: thoracic nerves 8-12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
Origin: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, costal cartilages of ribs 7-10, bodies of ribs 11-12 Insertion: linea alba, pubic tubercle Action: compresses abdomen |
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Rectus Abdominis
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Innervation: thoracic nerves 7-12
Origin: symphysis pubis, pubic crest Insertion: costal cartilages 5-7, xiphoid process Action: flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen |
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INTERNAL, or DEEP, INGUINAL RING
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find the midpoint of the inguinal ligament. 2 cm superior to this
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EXTERNAL, or SUPERFICIAL, INGUINAL RING
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2 cm superior to the pubic tubercle
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At, and inferior to, the midinguinal point you can palpate the ______ _____ The
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FEMORAL
ARTERY. |
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9th costal cartilage approx. level with the....
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transpyloric plane
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TRANSPYLORIC PLANE
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midway between the xiphisternal joint and the umbilicus
roughly level w/9th costal cartilage |
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SUBCOSTAL
PLANE |
is level with the lowest point of the 10th costal cartilage. often runs close to or through the umbilicus
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SUPRACRISTAL PLANE
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connects the iliac crests (highest point of ileum)
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TRANSTUBERCULAR, or
INTERTUBERCULAR, PLANE |
connects the iliac tubercles. It is level with the spinous process of L5.
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INTERSPINOUS PLANE
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connects the anterior superior iliac spines, or ASIS. It is level with the posterior superior iliac spines, or PSIS, and S2.
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HYPOCHONDRIUM,
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is lateral to the midclavicular line, inferior to the level of the xiphisternal joint, and superior to the subcostal plane
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Location of the HT
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The right border of the heart goes from the 3rd to the 6th costal cartilages, 1 cm lateral to the right sternal margin. At the 6th costal cartilage, the inferior border goes through the xiphisternal joint and continues to the LEFT 5th intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line. (known as the apical beat) The left border goes from the apical beat diagonally to the LEFT 2nd intercostal space, 1 cm lateral to the left sternal margin. The superior border connects the left 2nd intercostal space with the right 3rd costal cartilage.
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XIPHISTERNAL JOINT located at the...
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fifth costal cartilage
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ILIAC TUBERCLE is...
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the most lateral bulge of the ilium
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inguinal region nerves arteries veins from medial to lateral....f
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femoral vein, femoral artery, femoral nerve
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HYPOCHONDRIUM
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both right and left, is lateral to the midclavicular line, inferior to the level of the xiphisternal joint, and superior to the subcostal plane.
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LUMBAR region
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both right and left, is lateral to the midclavicular line, inferior to the subcostal plane, and superior to the transtubercular plane
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ILIAC region
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both right and left, is lateral to the midclavicular line, inferior to the transtubercular plane, and superior to the inguinal ligament.
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EPIGASTRIUM
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medial to the midclavicular lines, inferior to the xiphisternal joint, and superior to the subcostal plane.
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UMBILICAL region
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medial to the midclavicular lines, inferior to the subcostal plane, and superior to the transtubercular plane.
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HYPOGASTRIUM
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medial to the midclavicular lines, inferior to the transtubercular plane, and superior to the pubic bone.
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Quadrant division....
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midline + horizontal line thru umbilicus. upper quadrants are lateral to midline, inf. to xiphisternal joint, superior to
umbilicus. lower quadrants are superior to inguinal ligament, inf. umbilicus, lat to midline |
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LIVER
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*on RIGHT: LV sup. margin lies just inf. to R dome of diaphragm. It starts @ 4th int. space in midclavicular line + proceeds to 5th costal cartilage @ R sternal margin.
*It crosses xiphisternal joint + proceeds to 6th costal cartilage at the L sternal margin *From starting pt. @ 4th inter. space/midclav. line, it proceeds to 7th inter. space in R midaxillary line + down to bottom of the costal margin. *It follows the costal margin on R toward tip of 9th costal cart., crosses epigastrium to tip of 8th costal cart. on L + continues sup. + lat. to end approx. level w/xiphisternal joint (***8-10 cm. to left of midline). This connects to superior border of liver @ 6th costal cart. on L sternal margin. |
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GALLBLADDER
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located posterior to the tip of the 9th costal cartilage.
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STOMACH
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*CARDIA of ST begins posterior to the 7th costal cartilage, 2-3 cm to the left of the midline.
*the R side or LESSER CURVATURE of ST goes inferiorly + to the right becoming the PYLORUS of ST 1-2 cm to R of midline on the transpyloric plane. *From Cardia (start pt.) again, the L side goes inf. then curves sharply sup. + to the left to form FUNDUS of ST, reaching the 5th rib in midclav. line. *From here the GREATER CURVATURE goes inferior and almost to the left midaxillary line, then curves inferior and to the R along the transpyloric plane to meet the Pylorus again, 1-2 cm to right of midline in transpyloric plane. |
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SMALL INTESTINE (only Duodenum portion)
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The Duodenum starts from Pylorus of ST (2-3 cm to R of midline on transpyloric plane). It continues until approx. 5 cm to R of midline, where it turns downwards for 7-8 cm b4 turning @ R angle to L (about level w/costal margin).
*It continues horizontally to cross midline. At 1-2 cm to L of midline it turns superiorly and ends at the duodeno-jejunal junction, about 3 cm to L of midline on the transpyloric plane. *Jejunum, 2nd portion, located in sup. L portion of abdomen. *ileum, 3rd portion, located in inf. R portion of abdomen |
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LARGE INTESTINE
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*starts @ the CAECUM, located inf. to transtubercular plane + sup. to lat. half of inguinal ligament
*the Ascending colon goes superiorly up the R flank just lateral to the midclavicular line. *it ascends to level of 9th intercostal space, * just inf. to transpyloric plane. Here, it bends to L (*HEPATIC FLEXURE). *Transverse colon heads to L, going just lat. to midclavic. line, post. to 8th costal cartilage (just above Transpyloric plane) This turn is called the SPLENIC FLEXURE *Descending colon goes inf. down L flank just lat. to midclavicular line. * The SIGMOID colon turns medial and inf. @ level of left ASIS + reaches midline approx. 2-3 cm inf. to ASIS, and connects to the Rectum. |
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SPLEEN
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posterior to the ST. It is located on the LEFT side, between the 9th and 11th ribs between the midaxillary line and the lateral edge of the erector spinae muscles
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ABDOMINAL AORTA
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* the abdominal aorta enters the abdomen in the midline, 3-4 cm superior to the transpyloric plane.
*** it BIFURCATES inferior to the umbilicus, in the supracristal plane |
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***INFERIOR VENA CAVA...
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is formed from the common iliac veins....
***beginning 2-3 cm to the right of the midline in the transtubercular plane (level w/L5) ***the inferior vena cava courses superiorly to pierce the diaphragm @ vena caval hiatus (level w/T8, 1-2 cm to right + 1-2 cm superior to xiphisternal joint) |
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Trapezius upper: origin, insertion, action
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Origin: EOP, superior nuchal line, C7 spinous process
Insertion: lateral third of clavicle, acromion process Action: elevates the scapula, upward rotation of scapula, extends head and neck, laterally flexes head and neck to side of contraction, rotates head and neck away from side of contraction |
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Trapezius middle: origin, insertion, action
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Origin: spinous processes of T1-5
Insertion: spine of the scapula Action: adduction and elevation of scapula |
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Trapezius lower: origin, insertion, action
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Origin: spinous processes of T6-12
Insertion: spine of scapula Action: depression, adduction, and upward rotation of scapula |
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Trapezius innervation
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spinal accessory
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Levator Scapula
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Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Origin: transverse processes of C1-5 Insertion: superior angle of the scapula down along the superior medial border to the spine of the scapula Action: elevation and downward rotation |
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Rhomboid Minor
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Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Origin: spinous processes of C7 and T1 Insertion: medial border of scapula at scapular spine Action: adduction and downward rotation of the scapula |
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Rhomboid Major
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Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Origin: spinous processes of T2-5 Insertion: medial border of scapula inferior to scapular spine Action: adduction and downward rotation of the scapula |
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Serratus Anterior
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Innervation: long thoracic nerve
Origin: ribs 1-8 or 9 Insertion: anterior surface of the medial border and inferior angle of the scapula Action: abduction and upward rotation of the scapula; when the scapula is fixed, it elevates the ribs |
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Pectoralis Minor
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Innervation: medial pectoral nerve
Origin: ribs 3-5 at the costal cartilage Insertion: coracoid process of scapula Action: depression and downward rotation of scapula; stabilizes shoulder anteriorly; elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inspiration when scapula is fixed |
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Pectoralis Major
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Innervation: lateral and medial pectoral nerves
Origin: medial 2/3 of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage of ribs 1-6 Insertion: bicipital groove and greater tubercle of humerus Action: flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of the arm |
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Deltoid
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Anterior:
Origin: lateral 1/3 of clavicle Insertion: deltoid tuberosity Action: abduction, flexion, medial rotation of the arm Middle: Origin: acromion process Insertion: deltoid tuberosity Action: abducts the arm Posterior: Origin: spine of scapula Insertion: deltoid tuberosity Action: abduction, extension, lateral rotation of the arm |
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Supraspinatus
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Innervation: suprascapular nerve
Origin: supraspinous fossa Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus Action: initial abduction of the arm |
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Infraspinatus
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Innervation: suprascapular nerve
Origin: infraspinous fossa Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus Action: lateral rotation and adduction of the arm |
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Teres Minor
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Innervation: axillary nerve
Origin: superior 2/3 of lateral border of scapula Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus Action: lateral rotation, adduction, and extension of the arm |
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Subscapularis
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Innervation: upper and lower subscapular nerves
Origin: subscapular fossa (anterior or costal surface) of the scapula Insertion: lesser tuberosity of humerus Action: medial rotation of the arm |
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Teres Major
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Innervation: lower subscapular nerve
Origin: inferior angle and inferior 1/3 of lateral border of scapula Insertion: bicipital groove of humerus Action: adduction, extension, medial rotation of the arm |
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Latissimus Dorsi
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Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
Origin: spinous processes of T7-L5, iliac crest, posterior superior surface of sacrum, all via the thoracolumbar fascia; lower 3-4 ribs Insertion: bicipital groove of humerus Action: adduction, extension, medial rotation of the arm |
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sagittal plane
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a vertical plane dividing the body or an organ
into right and left sides |
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median plane
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a vertical plane dividing the body or an organ
into equal right and left halves |
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coronal plane
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a vertical plane dividing the body or an organ
into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions; also called frontal plane |
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horizontal plane
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a plane dividing the body or an organ into
superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions; sometimes called transverse plane |
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anterior
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nearer to the front of the body; ventral
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posterior
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nearer to the back of the body; dorsal
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superior
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toward the head or upper part of a structure
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inferior
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away from the head or toward the lower part of
a structure |
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proximal
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nearest to the trunk or point of origin
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distal
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farthest from the trunk or point of origin
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medial
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nearer to the median plane or midline
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lateral
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farther from the median plane or midline
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intermediate
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between two structures
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ipsilateral
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on the same side of the body
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contralateral
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on the opposite side of the body
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palmar
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relating to the palm of the hand
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plantar
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relating to the sole of the foot
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superficial
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on or near the surface
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deep
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farther from the surface
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internal
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related to the inside; nearer to the center
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external
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related to the outside; farther from the center
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parietal
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relating to the wall of a cavity
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visceral
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relating to the organs
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origin
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the attachment of a muscle to the more fixed
part of the skeleton |
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insertion
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a decrease in the angle between articulating
bones or parts of the body |
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extension
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an increase in the angle between articulating
bones or parts of the body |
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lateral flexion
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movement of the trunk away from the median
plane of the body |
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dorsiflexion
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upward bending of the foot or toes in the
direction of the dorsal surface |
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plantar flexion
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downward bending of the foot or toes in the
direction of the plantar surface or sole |
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abduction
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movement away from the midline
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adduction
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movement toward the midline
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rotation
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movement of a part of the body around its
longitudinal axis |
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medial rotation
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rotation toward the midline
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lateral rotation
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rotation away from the midline
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circumduction
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successive movements of flexion, abduction,
extension, and adduction to create a circle |
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supination
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movement of the forearm in which the radius
is rotated laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly in anatomical position |
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pronation
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movement of the forearm in which the radius
is rotated medially so that the palm faces posteriorly in anatomical position |
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inversion
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movement of the plantar surface, or sole, of
the foot so that it faces toward the midline |
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eversion
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movement of the plantar surface, or sole, of
the foot so that it faces away from the midline |
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opposition
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movement which brings the thumb pad toward
a finger pad |
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reposition
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movement of the thumb back from opposition
to its anatomical position |
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protraction
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anterior, or forward, movement of the mandible
or scapula and shoulder |
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retraction
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posterior, or backward, movement of the
mandible or scapula and shoulder from a protracted position |
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elevation
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movement of a body part superiorly
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depression
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movement of a body part inferiorly
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