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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Bile production
i. Exocrine function
ii. Bile contains conjugated and degraded waste products that are returned to the intestine for disposal as well as substances that bind to metabolite in the intestine to aid in absorption
Synthesis of plasma proteins
i. Albumins, prothrombin, fibrinogen, nonimmune α- and β-globulins
Lipid metabolism
i. Liver takes up lipids
ii. Utilizes them for synthesis of other molecules
iii. OR releases them back into blood as VLDL
Glucose metabolism
i. Stores glucose in form of glycogen
ii. Glycogen can be broken down into glucose by glycogenesis
Liver storage and conversion of...
i. Vitamins and iron
Detoxification
i. Drug degradation as well as environmental toxins through oxidation in SER and peroxisomes
Parenchyma
i. Consists of organized plates of hepatocytes
ii. One cell thick
iii. Separated by sinusoidal capillaries
iv. Organized in plates called hepatic lobules
Liver stroma
i. Liver is surrounded by tissue capsule called Glisson’s capsule
Portal vein
1. 75% of blood
2. Carries nutrient-rich, low oxygenated blood from spleen, pancreas, and alimentary canal
3. Blood carries nutrients and toxic materials absorbed from intestine, blood breakdown products from spleen, and endocrine secretions from pancreas to GI tract
Hepatic artery
1. Carries oxygenated blood from celiac trunk
Outflow
1. From hepatic lobules into hepatic vein to IVC
2. Hepatic veins do not accompany the branches of the hepatic artery
Hepatic blood flow
1. Upon entering the liver, portal vein and hepatic artery form conducting branches in interlobular spaces
Interlobular branches of portal vein
a. In interlobular spaces
b. Constitute part of portal triad
Terminal branches
a. Deliver blood to hepatic sinusoids
Hepatic sinusoids
a. Large, discontinuous capillaries
b. Fenestrated
c. Separate plates of hepatocytes
Central vein
a. Located in center of hepatic lobule
b. Very little connective tissue in wall
Sublobular veins
a. Central veins drain into sublobular veins
b. Usually have more connective tissue in wall
Collecting tributaries of hepatic veins
a. Sublobular veins drain into collecting tributaries
Liver cells
i. Hepatocytes→ secretory
ii. Kupffer cell
iii. Ito cell→ fat-storing
Hepatic lobule
i. Hexagonal prism
ii. Central vein in the center
iii. Plates of hepatocytes radiate from central vein towards periphery
iv. Plates separated by hepatic sinusoids
v. Portal canals found at angles of hexagonal prisms
Portal canals
i. Bring blood to lobule
ii. Collect bile from lobule
iii. Contain portal triad and loos connective tissue
Portal triad
i. Interlobular branch of hepatic artery
ii. Interlobular bile duct
iii. Interlobular branch of portal vein
Hepatic sinusoids blood flow
i. Receive blood from interlobular branches of hepatic artery and portal vein
ii. Take blood to hepatocytes
iii. Blood in sinusoids flows from periphery of lobule toward the central vein
Bile canaliculi
i. Receive bile from hepatocytes
ii. Bile flows w/in canaliculi from center of lobule towards periphery
iii. Counter-current with blood
Biliary tree
i. System of conduits of increasing diameter that bile flows through from the hepatocytes to the gallbladder
Bile canaliculus
1. Begins from plates of hepatocytes
2. Small canal formed by opposed grooves in the surface of adjacent hepatocytes
3. Form complete loop around 4 sides of hepatocyte
Bile ductules
1. Lined with low cuboidal ductal cells (non-hepatocyte)
2. Located within the classic lobule
Interlobular bile ducts
1. Receive bile from bile ductules
2. Lined with cuboidal epithelium located within the portal triad
3. Increase in diameter as more ducts run together into hepatic ducts
Common hepatic duct
1. Confluence of right and left hepatic ducts
2. Near hilum
Mucosa and submucosa of gall bladder
i. Lumen is lined with simple columnar epithelium→ adsorption
ii. No muscularis mucosae, lamina propria blends in with connective tissue of the submucosa
Muscularis externa of gall bladder
i. Formed by bundles of smooth muscle and collagen
Adventitia/serosa of gall bladder
i. Part of gallbladder projecting into the peritoneum is covered by a serosa
Pancreatic stroma
i. Covered with thin connective tissue capsule
ii. Capsule extends into tissue of pancreas as septa that divide the organ into lobules
Exocrine pancreas
i. Production of digestive enzymes and proenzymes
ii. Secretory acini and ducts
Secretory acini
i. Serous
ii. Spherical in shape
iii. Composed of a single type of pancreatic acinar cell
iv. Includes intralobular and interlobular ducts
Islets of Langerhans
i. Hormone secretion and blood glucose level
ii. Form endocrine pancreas
iii. More numerous in the tail