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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bile production
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i. Exocrine function
ii. Bile contains conjugated and degraded waste products that are returned to the intestine for disposal as well as substances that bind to metabolite in the intestine to aid in absorption |
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Synthesis of plasma proteins
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i. Albumins, prothrombin, fibrinogen, nonimmune α- and β-globulins
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Lipid metabolism
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i. Liver takes up lipids
ii. Utilizes them for synthesis of other molecules iii. OR releases them back into blood as VLDL |
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Glucose metabolism
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i. Stores glucose in form of glycogen
ii. Glycogen can be broken down into glucose by glycogenesis |
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Liver storage and conversion of...
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i. Vitamins and iron
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Detoxification
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i. Drug degradation as well as environmental toxins through oxidation in SER and peroxisomes
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Parenchyma
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i. Consists of organized plates of hepatocytes
ii. One cell thick iii. Separated by sinusoidal capillaries iv. Organized in plates called hepatic lobules |
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Liver stroma
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i. Liver is surrounded by tissue capsule called Glisson’s capsule
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Portal vein
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1. 75% of blood
2. Carries nutrient-rich, low oxygenated blood from spleen, pancreas, and alimentary canal 3. Blood carries nutrients and toxic materials absorbed from intestine, blood breakdown products from spleen, and endocrine secretions from pancreas to GI tract |
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Hepatic artery
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1. Carries oxygenated blood from celiac trunk
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Outflow
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1. From hepatic lobules into hepatic vein to IVC
2. Hepatic veins do not accompany the branches of the hepatic artery |
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Hepatic blood flow
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1. Upon entering the liver, portal vein and hepatic artery form conducting branches in interlobular spaces
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Interlobular branches of portal vein
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a. In interlobular spaces
b. Constitute part of portal triad |
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Terminal branches
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a. Deliver blood to hepatic sinusoids
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Hepatic sinusoids
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a. Large, discontinuous capillaries
b. Fenestrated c. Separate plates of hepatocytes |
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Central vein
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a. Located in center of hepatic lobule
b. Very little connective tissue in wall |
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Sublobular veins
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a. Central veins drain into sublobular veins
b. Usually have more connective tissue in wall |
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Collecting tributaries of hepatic veins
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a. Sublobular veins drain into collecting tributaries
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Liver cells
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i. Hepatocytes→ secretory
ii. Kupffer cell iii. Ito cell→ fat-storing |
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Hepatic lobule
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i. Hexagonal prism
ii. Central vein in the center iii. Plates of hepatocytes radiate from central vein towards periphery iv. Plates separated by hepatic sinusoids v. Portal canals found at angles of hexagonal prisms |
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Portal canals
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i. Bring blood to lobule
ii. Collect bile from lobule iii. Contain portal triad and loos connective tissue |
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Portal triad
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i. Interlobular branch of hepatic artery
ii. Interlobular bile duct iii. Interlobular branch of portal vein |
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Hepatic sinusoids blood flow
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i. Receive blood from interlobular branches of hepatic artery and portal vein
ii. Take blood to hepatocytes iii. Blood in sinusoids flows from periphery of lobule toward the central vein |
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Bile canaliculi
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i. Receive bile from hepatocytes
ii. Bile flows w/in canaliculi from center of lobule towards periphery iii. Counter-current with blood |
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Biliary tree
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i. System of conduits of increasing diameter that bile flows through from the hepatocytes to the gallbladder
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Bile canaliculus
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1. Begins from plates of hepatocytes
2. Small canal formed by opposed grooves in the surface of adjacent hepatocytes 3. Form complete loop around 4 sides of hepatocyte |
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Bile ductules
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1. Lined with low cuboidal ductal cells (non-hepatocyte)
2. Located within the classic lobule |
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Interlobular bile ducts
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1. Receive bile from bile ductules
2. Lined with cuboidal epithelium located within the portal triad 3. Increase in diameter as more ducts run together into hepatic ducts |
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Common hepatic duct
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1. Confluence of right and left hepatic ducts
2. Near hilum |
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Mucosa and submucosa of gall bladder
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i. Lumen is lined with simple columnar epithelium→ adsorption
ii. No muscularis mucosae, lamina propria blends in with connective tissue of the submucosa |
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Muscularis externa of gall bladder
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i. Formed by bundles of smooth muscle and collagen
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Adventitia/serosa of gall bladder
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i. Part of gallbladder projecting into the peritoneum is covered by a serosa
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Pancreatic stroma
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i. Covered with thin connective tissue capsule
ii. Capsule extends into tissue of pancreas as septa that divide the organ into lobules |
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Exocrine pancreas
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i. Production of digestive enzymes and proenzymes
ii. Secretory acini and ducts |
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Secretory acini
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i. Serous
ii. Spherical in shape iii. Composed of a single type of pancreatic acinar cell iv. Includes intralobular and interlobular ducts |
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Islets of Langerhans
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i. Hormone secretion and blood glucose level
ii. Form endocrine pancreas iii. More numerous in the tail |