Liver Flukes

Front 1

Describe what Adult liver flukes of the species Fasciola hepatica look like. How long can they live for?

Back 1

Large, leaf shaped with an oral cone and shoulder.
11 years.

Front 2

The common name for Fasciola heptica is and why?

Back 2

Sheep liver Fluke the juvenile flukes burrow into the liver making holes (liver rot) in it for ~2 months before finding a mate and moving to the bile ducts. The damage is usually more severe in Sheep than other speices.

Front 3

What does pipestem fibrosis mean?

Back 3

Adult flukes in the bile ducts casue inflammation and edema as a result of their feeding action which stimulates production of fibrous connective tissue in the walls of the bile duct, thus preventing bile from flowing through the ducts and results in back pressure and damage of hepatocites and cirrhosis occurs.

Front 4

How do humans become infected with Sheep Liver Flukes?

Back 4

Eating infected watercrest in fresh salads.

Front 5

What species is known as the Giant Intestinal Fluke? Where is it commonly found at.

Back 5

Fascioplopsis buski. Common parasite of humans and swine in the orient living in the host's small intestine.

Front 6

Describe what an Adult Giant Intestinal Fluke looks like.

Back 6

Large, lack oral cone and shoulder.

Front 7

What is the Life-Cycle of Fasciola hepatica.

Back 7

Adult, egg, Micracidium, Sporocyst, Mother Redia, Daughter Redia, Cercariae, Metacercaria, Adult.

Front 8

What is the Life-Cycle of Fascioplopsis buski?

Back 8

Adult, Egg, Micracidium, Sporocyst, Mother Redia, Daughter Redia, Cercariae, Metacercaria, Adult.

Front 9

What illness is associated with Fasciola hepatica? What is diagnoses and drug used for treatment?

Back 9

Fascioloisis. Eggs present in stool of DH.
Rafoxanide.

Front 10

How do humans become infected with Giant Intestinal Flukes?

Back 10

Cercariae encyst on aquatic vegetation (water chestnuts, water caltrop, lotus, & bamboo).

Front 11

Concerning organs of the flukes; this organ stores sperm that were produced by this worm.

Back 11

Seminal Vesicle

Front 12

Infections by this fluke result from eating undercooked crayfish or crabs.

Back 12

paragonimus westermani

Front 13

Functions of Ovary in Flukes.

Back 13

Assembly plant for the production of eggs

Front 14

Functions of Oviduct in flukes.

Back 14

serves as a channel for the transportation of eggs to the ootype.

Front 15

Functions of seminal receptacle in flukes.

Back 15

For storing sperm received from another worm during mating.

Front 16

functions of vitelline glands in flukes.

Back 16

Produce yolk and shell material.

Front 17

function of vitelline duct in flukes.

Back 17

serves as passageway through which the vitelline cells are moved to the ootype.

Front 18

What is the function of ejaculatory duct in flukes?

Back 18

It is muscular and forces sperm out at the time of mating.

Front 19

What systems do humans have that flatworms lack?

Back 19

Respiratory, Circulatory, Skeletal.

Front 20

Cercariae of Flukes have a _____ that is used for locomotion. What species does not have this?

Back 20

Tail.
Fasciola heptica

Front 21

What are the signs & sypmtoms of a heavy infection of Giant Intestinal Flukes and what is the treatment?

Back 21

Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, ulcerated hemorrhage & abscess of the intestinal wall, Toxemia. Drug of choice is Praziquantel (Biltricide).

Front 22

What are the 2 species of Monoecious Flukes that lack a second intermediate host?

Back 22

Fasciola heptica and Fascioplopsis buski.

Front 23

What species is known as the Lancet Fluke? Why is it referred to as Lancet?

Back 23

Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Adults are medium sized and have a blade like shape.

Front 24

Concerning Dicrocoelium dendriticum where is it common and what are the DH?

Back 24

Europe & Asia.
Sheep, cattle, goats, swine & deer. Zoonosis infection of humans.

Front 25

What is the Life-Cycle of Dicrocoelium dendriticum?

Back 25

Adult, egg, miracidium, mother sporocyst, daughter sporocyst, cercaria, metacercaria, adult.

Front 26

Where can Lancet Flukes be found in the body of the DH?

Back 26

They live in the bile ducts within the liver of the DH.

Front 27

How does the Lancet Fluke eggs pass from the DH into the IH.

Back 27

Eggs containing 1 miracidia pass with bile into SI and exit LI with feces. The egg must be eaten by a certain speices of terrestrial snails before hatching. The miracidium penetrated the wall of the snail intestine and goes to the herpatopancreas where it transforms into a mother sporocyst. Daughter sporocyst and cercariae are produced asexually from germ balls.

Front 28

How does the Lancet Fluke move from the IH to the 2nd IH?

Back 28

Cercariae crawl to the mantle cavity of snail or on the external body surface of the snail. An infected snail secretes thick mucus - slime ball - and are expelled from the pneumostone with force. Deposited on to veg. which is eaten by the common brown ant.

Front 29

How do Lancet Flukes move through the 2nd IH?

Back 29

The eaten cercariae bore through the wall of the gut of the ant and enter the hemocoel where they encyst and become metacercariae.

Front 30

What happens in the 2nd IH if Lancet Flukes go into the sub-esophageal ganglion?

Back 30

They encyst there and alter the ants behavior. The infected ant climbs to the tops of leaves or grass in the evening and hold on with their mandibles and remain until the sun warms them up the next day. This increases the chance that the infected ant will be eaten by the DH.

Front 31

What is a slime ball?

Back 31

It is a thick mucus that is created by the wiggling action of cercariae. The mucus surrounds the cercariae making a cyst. The slime ball is expelled from the mantle cavity opening of the snail. The mucus hardens on the outside, but retards desiccation to the interior.

Front 32

What happens once the DH becomes infected by the Lancet Flukes?

Back 32

The metacercariae exits the SI & young flukes crawl up the bile ducts to the liver where they mature.

Front 33

What is dicrocoeliiasis and what species causes it?

Back 33

Condition simliar to fascioliasis. Adults Lancet Flukes block bile ducts causing inflammation and edema. Resulting in pipestem fibrosis, atrophy of liver parenchyma, & cirrhosis. Dicrocoelium dendriticum.

Front 34

What is the treatment of choice for dicrocoeliiasis?

Back 34

Praziquantel (Biltricide)

Front 35

What results from young flukes burrowing through the liver and feeding on liver cells and blood?

Back 35

Cirrhosis.

Front 36

What species causes the Oriental Lung Fluke and where does it occur?

Back 36

Paragonimus westermani. Orient & Oceania.

Front 37

What are the DH of Paragoniumus westermani?

Back 37

Cats, dogs, weasels, rodents & swine. It is zoonosis infection to humans.

Front 38

What is the Life-Cycle of the Oriental Lung Fluke?

Back 38

Adult, egg, miracidium, sporocyst, mother redia, daughter redia, cercariae, metacercaria, adult.

Front 39

What speices is an exception to the Platyhelmintes phylum? What is unique about this species?

Back 39

Paragonimus westermani, becuase it is not flattend dorsalventrally, but is thick & coffee bean shaped.

Front 40

How does Oriental Lung Fluke infect the DH?

Back 40

The adult worms are usually in the bronchioles of the lungs where they stimulate an inflammatory response. The DH forms granuloma to capsule the adult worms (usually 2 but can be >6).

Front 41

How do Paragonimus westermani eggs move out of the DH?

Back 41

The eggs are released prior to the adults worms being encapsulated or the capsule ruptures releasing eggs. Eggs then move up through the respiratory passage - pharynx by ciliated epithelial. The eggs are either excreted sputum or are swallowed and excreted with feces(usually occurs).

Front 42

Where and how do the eggs of Paragonimus westermani develope?

Back 42

IF the eggs are released in water they undergo further development and hatch into miracidium which swims about and burrows into the 1st IH.

Front 43

How does the Oriental Lung Fluke develop in the 1st IH?

Back 43

The miracidum burrows into a suitable snail host & becomes a sporocyst. Mother redia, daughter rediae & cercariae are produced asexually from germ balls. The cercariae exit the snail. They have tiny tails but cannot swim, they crawl on rocks, substrates like inch worms or float in H2O.

Front 44

What is the 2nd IH for Oriental Lung Flukes and how are they infected?

Back 44

Crawlfish and FW crabs become infected when the cercariae penetrate the joints of their exoskeleton and encyst in the muscles of the crustaceans.

Front 45

How do the DH become infected with the Oriental Lung Flukes and what happens?

Back 45

DH becomes infected by eating raw or uncooked crayfish or FW Crabs that have the metacercariae stage encysted in their muscles. Juvenile flukes excyst in SI and burrow through the wall of the SI and crawl & embed into the abdominal wall.

Front 46

How do Oriental Lung Flukes find mates?

Back 46

They reenter the coelom & penetrate the diaphragm & plura where they find a mate & penetrate the lungs. Settling in the bronchioles of the lungs.

Front 47

What happens if the juvenile Oriental Lung Flukes accidentally go to the spinal cord, brain or heart?

Back 47

Stimulate an inflammatory response resulting in capsule that walls them off often ulcerates. Resulting in death of the DH.

Front 48

What prevention should be taken to prevent Paragonimiasis. What is the treatment?

Back 48

Throughly cooking crustaceans and do not contaminate cooking utensils with juices of uncooked crustaceans. Praziquantel (Biltridice).

Front 49

What species causes Paragonimiasis? How long can the adult worms live for?

Back 49

Paragonimus westermani. 10-20 years.

Front 50

What are the common names of Clonorchis sinensis? How is the DH infected? What is the DH?

Back 50

Human Liver Fluke, Chinese Liver Fluke, Oriental Liver Fluke. DH eats raw or undercooked fish or FW shrimp. Humans.

Front 51

What is the Life-Cycle of Clonorchis sinensis?

Back 51

Adult-egg-miracidium-sporocysts-redia-cercariae-metacercaria-adult.

Front 52

Describe the adult Human Liver Fluke's appearence. Where does it reside in the DH?

Back 52

medium sized, leaf shaped and live in the bile ducts of the liver.

Front 53

How do Lancet Fluke eggs move out of the DH?

Back 53

Eggs pass with the bile into the SI, LI and exit with feces. Eggs do not hatch until ingested by the 1st IH.

Front 54

What is the 1st and 2nd IH of the Human Liver Fluke?

Back 54

Aquatic snail & fish of the minnow family (carp & goldfish).

Front 55

What Life-cycle stages of Clonorchis sinensis occur in the 1st IH?

Back 55

miracidium penetrates the wall of the intestine and invades other organs. transforms into sporocyst. Radiae and cercariae are produced asexually form germ balls. Cercariae leave snail and swim in H2O.

Front 56

How does Clonorchis sinensis enter the 2nd IH & what life-stages occur there?

Back 56

Free swimming cercariae bore into the 2nd IH & encyst in dermis or muscle.

Front 57

Once the DH becomes infected with Clonorchis sinensis what happens?

Back 57

The young fluke excyst in the SI & crawl up the bile ducts to the liver where they erode the epithelial lining of the bile ducts as they feed.

Front 58

What diease is caused by the Human Liver Fluke & what is it?

Back 58

Clonorchiasis occurs from chronic damage to the bilera epithelial leading to pipestem fibrosis and cirrhosis.

Front 59

What is the treatment of choice for Clonorchiasis?

Back 59

Praziquantel (Biltricide)

Front 60

What is the common name for Opistorchis felineus, what are the RH & DH?

Back 60

Cat Liver Fluke. Cats & dogs are RH. Humans become infected by eating raw or undercookded meat.

Front 61

Where is the Cat Liver Fluke common and what disease does it cause? What is the treatment of choice?

Back 61

Europe, Turkey, Southern Russia, Japan, Korea, SE Asia, & India. Opisthporchis. Praziquantel (Biltricide).

Front 62

What is the common name of Heterophyes heterophyes & where is it common?

Back 62

Heterophyid Fluke. N. Africa, Turkey, the Orient, & Philippine Islands.

Front 63

What are the RH for Heterophyid Flukes, what are the 1st & 2nd IH?

Back 63

Cats, dogs, foxes, weasels, fish eating birds are RH. 1st IH appropriate species of snail. 2nd IH fishes such as Mullet & Tilapia.

Front 64

How does the DH become infected with Heterophyid Flukes? What is the disease? Heavy infection results in what?

Back 64

Eating raw or undercooked fish. Heterophyiiasis. Damage to the mucosa, intestinal pain & diarrhea.

Front 65

Where is the Heterophyid fluke found in the DH? What is the treatment for Heterophyiiasis?

Back 65

Between the villi of the small intestine. Praziquantel (Biltricide).

Front 66

What is the stages of the Life-Cycle of Heterophyes heterophyes?

Back 66

Adult, egg, Miracidium, sporocyst, mother redia, daughter redia, cercariae, metacercaria, adult.

Front 67

Describe what the adult Heterophyid flukes look like.

Back 67

Tiny, live between the ville of SI, have a genital sucker or gonotyl in addition to the oral sucker & acetabulum.