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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which blood vessel does blood flow to the liver from the tissue |
Hepatic artery |
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What does the hepatic artery also do? |
Carries waste metabolites away |
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What is the bile used for? |
Fat digestion
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How does blood get to the liver from the GI tract? |
By the hepatic portal vein |
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What does the hepatic portal vein also contain?
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RBC breakdown products |
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Where is bile made by the liver stored? |
Gall bladder |
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What are the roles of the liver?
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Glucose metabolism
Fat metabolism Protein production Hormone synthesis & secretion Urea production Toxin neutralization/removal of old RBC Storage (stores glucose as glycogen) |
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What is the overall role of the liver?
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Regulates the chemical composition of the blood |
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During a fasting state, what is the primary source of glucose production?
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Liver |
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How does the liver ensure enough glucose during a fasting state |
Breaks down liver glycogen to produce enough glucose to meet 4-5 hours of the body's needs |
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What is the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose called?
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Glycogenolysis |
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What does the liver do in a fed state? |
Takes up glucose from the blood using a GLUT-2 transporter into its hepatocytes and converts it into glycogen again for storage |
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What is the hormone that is used to reduce blood glucose concentration called? |
Insulin |
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What is the hormone that is used to increase blood glucose concentration called? |
Glucagon |
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Where is glucagon and insulin produced? |
In the pancreas |
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Through which blood vessel does oxygenated blood flow through to get to the liver? |
Hepatic artery |
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What is the blood vessel that deoxygenated blood flows through to get back to the heart? |
Right and left hepatic vein |
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What is the part of the heart in which deoxygenated blood flows back into the heart called?
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Inferior vena cava |
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What is the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood from the GI tract to the liver? |
Hepatic portal vein |
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What does the hepatic portal vein contain?
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Nutrients from the GI tract and haemoglobin breakdown products from the spleen |
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What is the liver composed of?
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Lobules |
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What composes each lobule? |
A central vein that drains into the hepatic vein which leads it to the inferior vena cava Sinosoids which receive blood form the hepatic artery and portal vein and delivers it to the central vein |
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What does the triad compose of?
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Bile duct Portal vein Hepatic artery |
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How does the bile produced by the liver get to the gall bladder?
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Through the bile ducts |
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What is bile important for?
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Emulsifying fats
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What is the channel in which bile is secreted into called? |
Bile canaliculi |
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What are the special liver macrophages called?
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Kupferr Cells
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What are the main sources of liver damage? |
Poisoning Infection Gallstones |
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What are the example causes of liver poisoning?
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Paracetamol overdose
Mushroom poisoning Alcoholic poisoning |
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What are the example causes of liver infection? |
Hepatitis |
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Where could hepatitis causing bacteria and virus originate from?
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The blood
GI tract |
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What are gallstones caused by?
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Caused by cholesterol which builds up due to excess fat intake or deficiency in bile salts. |
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Describe the different Hepatitis types |
Hep A - acute but mild symptoms. Caused by shellfish, common on naval vessels Hep B - virus infects liver cells which can lead to cirrhosis due to chronic active inflammation. Spread through needles Hep C - spread by blood and needles. Associated with liver cancer |
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Which hepatitis type can lead to cirrhosis? |
Hep B |
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What is cirrhosis?
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Scarring of the liver which leads to the destruction of the liver |
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What is the cause of cirrhosis?
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Excess alcohol intake
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How can excess alcohol cause cirrhosis?
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Due to production of high levels of metabolites/free radicals which leads the liver to becoming fatty, growing to 3x its normal size |
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What is jaundice? |
Yellowing of the skin & the whites of the eyes |
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What are the symptoms of jaundice? |
Yellow discolouration Excess destruction/lysis of RBC Unable to digest meals |
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What causes the yellow discolouration in jaundice? |
Increased bilirubin concentration because the liver can no longer excrete it |
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What is the concentration of bilirubin in which is considered 'excessive'
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Over 2mg/dl |
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What are the causes of jaundice?
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Obstruction of the bile duct (obstructive jaundice) due to the presence of inflammatory cells, carcinoma or gall stones NASH (non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis) - develops from metabolic syndrome (obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes) |
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How many litres of blood passes through the liver every day?
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2000 litres
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Selective destruction of pancreatic β islet cells in type 1 diabetes can becaused by: |
Cytotoxic T-cells
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How do cytotoxic T-cells destroy B-islet cells? |
The cytotoxic T-cells recognises peptides from a B-cell specific protein and kills it, meaning it can no longer produce and secrete insulin |
